Ciales, Puerto Rico

From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia

Ciales, Puerto Rico
Municipio de Ciales
Town and Municipality
Young man and older man horse-back riding in Ciales barrio-pueblo
Horse-back riding in Ciales barrio-pueblo
Flag of Ciales, Puerto Rico
Flag
Coat of arms of Ciales, Puerto Rico
Coat of arms
Nicknames: 
See below
Anthem: "El cantar de tus ríos es mensaje"
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Ciales Municipality
Map of Puerto Rico highlighting Ciales Municipality
Coordinates: 18°20′10″N 66°28′08″W / 18.33611°N 66.46889°W / 18.33611; -66.46889
Sovereign state United States
Commonwealth Puerto Rico
FoundedJune 24, 1820
Founded byIsidro Rodríguez
Barrios
9 barrios
Government
 • MayorAlexander Burgos Otero (PNP)
 • Senatorial dist.3 - Arecibo
 • Representative dist.13
Area
 • Total66.48 sq mi (172.17 km2)
 • Land66 sq mi (172 km2)
 • Water0.07 sq mi (.17 km2)
Population
 (2020)[1]
 • Total16,984
 • Rank65th in Puerto Rico
 • Density260/sq mi (99/km2)
DemonymCialeños
Time zoneUTC−4 (AST)
ZIP Code
00638
Area code787/939
Major routes

Ciales (Spanish pronunciation: [ˈsjales], locally [ˈsjaleʔ]) is a town and municipality of Puerto Rico, located on the Central Mountain Range, northwest of Orocovis; south of Florida and Manatí; east of Utuado and Jayuya; and west of Morovis. Ciales is spread over eight barrios and Ciales Pueblo (the downtown area and the administrative center of the city). It is part of the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo Metropolitan Statistical Area.

Toponym

[edit]

Sources diverge on the origin of the Ciales name. Nineteenth-century historian Cayetano Coll y Toste stated that it was named as such by then-governor Gonzalo de Aróstegui Herrera in honor of General Luis de Lacy, who had gone against Ferdinand VII's absolutist wishes.[2] Coll y Toste suggested that the Villa Lacy[3] name came from the anagram "es-la-cy" anagram.[2][4]

Other sources, such as Manuel Álvarez Nazario and Luis Hernández Aquino, put forward the theory that it comes from the plural of cibales, plural form of ciba, meaning "stony place" or "place of stones" in Taíno, which "had undergone loss of the intervocalic -b- and the addition of the Spanish suffix referring to place -al." Lisa Cathleen Green-Douglass, who carried out a study of toponymics in Puerto Rico and compared both theories, believed the latter to be most plausible since Coll y Toste, per Green-Douglass, must have defined an anagram as a reversal of syllables and the resulting "Cial" or "Cyal" would have to then be made plural.[4]

Yet others believe it originates from the Spanish sillar (meaning "carved stones") in reference to the stones carved by the Río Grande de Manatí's currents.[2]

History

[edit]
Manatí Bridge at Mata de Plátano, in Ciales

Until its founding on June 24, 1820, by Isidro Rodríguez,[3] it was part of the neighboring Manatí municipality, a process that took four years to achieve.[2]

On 13 August 1898, after the armistice ending the Spanish–American War was signed, Ciales was one of three towns that held uprisings. Led by Ventura Casellas, between three hundred and four hundred individuals proclaimed the Republic of Puerto Rico. However, it has not been determined without a shadow of a doubt whether it was a clear independence-supporting event or a defense of Spanish rule.[5] Edwin Karli Padilla Aponte calls it an "alleged revolutionary uprising" since he finds no official historical record for it, even though it appears in a vignette in the Pueblos Hispanos monthly written by a Gabriel Aracelis, a possible pseudonym for Juan Antonio Corretjer. The column describes the battle, mentions the participants by name and connects it to the Grito de Lares by identifying a Pedro González as a grandson of a Manuel González who allegedly fought in the 1868 revolt, establishing a continuity between both events. Paul G. Miller, Education Commissioner between 1915 and 1921, considered this to be caused by the Seditious Parties (Partidas Sediciosas), gangs of bandits that raided Spaniards' homes in the late-nineteenth century, an idea that Corretjer refuted.[6]

Puerto Rico was ceded by Spain in the aftermath of the Spanish–American War under the terms of the Treaty of Paris of 1898 and became a territory of the United States. In 1899, the United States Department of War conducted a census of Puerto Rico finding that the population of Ciales was 18,115.[7]

The first truss bridge erected in Puerto Rico, after the signing of the Treaty of Paris, is in Ciales. It is over the Río Grande de Manatí and is on the list of National Register of Historic Places.

Hurricane Maria struck Puerto Rico on September 20, 2017, its eye passing through northeastern Ciales,[8] leaving all municipalities without power for months. Ciales received 19.23 inches of rain which caused landslides. An estimated 3,000 homes in Ciales were completely destroyed by Hurricane María.[9] Three months after the hurricane struck, engineers were hoping to have electrical service established, at least for the Ciales barrio-pueblo (downtown) area.[10] The following December, the Federal Emergency Management Agency announced the opening of a disaster recovery center in Ciales to attend the home and business owners, as well as tenants, affected by the hurricane.[11]

  • Map of landslides
    Map of landslides
  • National Guard of NY in Ciales after Hurricane Maria
    National Guard of NY in Ciales after Hurricane Maria

Energy consortium

[edit]

An Energy Consortium was signed in late February, 2019 by Villalba, Orocovis, Morovis, Ciales and Barranquitas municipalities. The consortium is the first of its kind for the island. It is intended to have municipalities work together to safeguard and create resilient, and efficient energy networks, with backups for their communities. This is part of the hurricane preparedness plan of these municipalities, which were hit particularly hard by Hurricane Maria on September 20, 2017.[12]

Geography

[edit]
View of homes and mountainside of an area of Ciales from Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjera lookout point

The northern part of the municipality is located in the Northern Karst zone of Puerto Rico while the southern part is in the Cordillera Central. The highest point in the municipality is Cerro Rosa at 4,143 feet (1,262 m), itself the third highest point in Puerto Rico. Ciales is home to a forest reserve called Toro Negro Forest Reserve and a number of rivers including: Río Cialitos, Río Grande de Manatí, Río Toro Negro, Río Yunes,[13] Pozas, and Barbas.[14] Over 40% of its territory falls within protected areas, ranking as the 6th municipality with the largest portion of protected territory overall.[15] Consequentially, the destruction of 508 native planted trees at the Finca Don Ingenio in the Toro Negro Forest Reserve in August 2021 was caused for an uproar. The trees, which included ceiba and maga specimens, had been planted as part of the Hurricane María recovery by the Puerto Rico Conservation Trust's Para La Naturaleza program.[16]

As part of the karst region, there are many caves, such as Archillas Cave, located in Jaguas Ventana, named after the family that owns it. Since Ciales has a saying "to graduate as a Cialeño, you have to go up to the Archillas,"[a] then-mayor Luis R. Maldonado Rodriguez attempted to acquire it. The cave has been associated with the Arcaicos, though it also holds some Taíno petroglyphs. The cave system was first studied by Alphonse L. Pinart in 1890. Since then several investigations have been carried out that have aided in the identification of silex as the main material used by the Taíno for their carving tools and the discovery of ceramic fragments, as well as the theory that the caves were used for rituals, such as cojoba-induced ceremonies.[17] During his research in the early 1900s, Jesse Walter Fewkes identified the Ciales' caves as some those occupied by the Taíno[18] as well as several of the best preserved sites with their stone-carved implements.[19] One of these caves, La Cohoba Cave, was named after the namesake object found in it.[20] Another notable find, carried out by Carlos M. Ayes Suárez, was of a zoomorphic idol from the Arcaico era in Pesas that "consists of a cobble that presents an engraved representation seemingly zoomorphic in shape" which is considered unique in Puerto Rico and the Antilles.[21]

Due to the mountainous nature of Ciales' topography, landslides occur, such as the rock fall that occurred in June 2021 in Pozas that caused several buildings and fences to be destroyed, road closures and the removal of residents.[22][23]

Barrios

[edit]
Ciales map with barrio subdivisions

Like all municipalities of Puerto Rico, Ciales is subdivided into barrios. The municipal buildings, central square and large Catholic church are located in a barrio referred to as "el pueblo".[24][25][26][27]

  1. Ciales barrio-pueblo
  2. Cialitos
  3. Cordillera
  4. Frontón
  5. Hato Viejo
  6. Jaguas
  7. Pesas
  8. Pozas
  9. Toro Negro

Sectors

[edit]
Further information: List of barrios and sectors of Ciales, Puerto Rico

Barrios (which are like minor civil divisions)[28] are further subdivided into smaller areas called sectores (sectors in English). The types of sectores may vary, from sector to urbanización to reparto to barriada to residencial, among others.[29]

Special Communities

[edit]
See also: Puerto Rico Office for Socioeconomic and Community Development

Comunidades Especiales de Puerto Rico (Special Communities of Puerto Rico) are marginalized communities whose citizens are experiencing a certain amount of social exclusion. A map shows these communities occur in nearly every municipality of the commonwealth. Of the 742 places that were on the list in 2014, the following barrios, communities, sectors, or neighborhoods were in Ciales: Sector El Hoyo in Pozas, Calle Morovis, Comunidad Los Ortega, Cruces-Cialitos, Parcelas Cordillera, Parcelas María, Parcelas Seguí, Santa Clara, and Toro Negro.[30]

Demographics

[edit]
Historical population
CensusPop.Note%±
190018,115—
191018,3981.6%
192020,73012.7%
193020,492−1.1%
194022,90611.8%
195019,464−15.0%
196018,106−7.0%
197015,595−13.9%
198016,2113.9%
199018,08411.6%
200019,8119.5%
201018,782−5.2%
202016,984−9.6%
U.S. Decennial Census[31]
1899 (shown as 1900)[32] 1910-1930[33]
1930-1950[34] 1960-2000[35] 2010[26] 2020[36]

Ciales has one of the lowest percentages of English speakers in Puerto Rico.[38]

When researching the town's parochial baptismal records historian Fernando Picó found that more than half the offspring baptised at the end of the nineteenth century were born out of wedlock.[39]

Tourism

[edit]

To stimulate local tourism, the Puerto Rico Tourism Company launched the Voy Turistiendo ("I'm Touring") campaign, with a passport book and website. The Ciales page lists Museo Juan Antonio Corretjer, Puente Mata de Plátano, and Cascada Las Delicias, as places of interest.[40]

Landmarks and places of interest

[edit]
Coffee Museum, Ciales, Puerto Rico

Places of interest in Ciales include:[13]

  • Artesanía en Muebles La Cialeña, family-owned factory that produces widely recognized enea grass-weaved furniture[2]
  • Aserrado Fernando Otero, located in Hato Viejo, it is the largest sawmill in Puerto Rico of native woods.[2]
  • Hacienda Carvajal, environmental education coffee and cacao farm that also houses a printing museum and a batey.[41]
  • Hacienda Negrón[42]
  • Las Archillas Cave[17]
  • Las Golondrinas Cave
  • Yuyú Cave[43]
  • Parada Choferil
  • Toro Negro Forest Reserve
  • Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjer, a lookout[2][44]
  • Museo Biblioteca Casa Corretjer, houses the library of Juan Antonio Corretjer.[2]
  • Museo del Café, a coffee museum[45]
Young people horse-back riding in Ciales, Puerto Rico

Culture

[edit]

Festivals and events

[edit]

Ciales celebrates its patron saint festival in October. The Fiestas Patronales de Nuestra Señora del Rosario y San Jose is a religious and cultural celebration that generally features parades, games, artisans, amusement rides, regional food, and live entertainment.[13] The festival has featured live performances by well-known artists such as Sabor Latino.[46]

Other festivals and events celebrated in Ciales include:

  • Three King's Day, held in January
  • Corretjer Cantata, held in March
  • Fresh Water Festival (in Spanish: Festival de Agua Dulce), mud bogging competition and music festival held in August[47]
  • Frontón Festival, held in July
  • Saint Elías Festival, held in July

Sports

[edit]

Ciales is the home town of Juan "Pachín" Vicens - Puerto Rico's national basketball star, named Best Player in the World at the 1959 World Basketball Championship, Santiago de Chile (a.k.a., Juan "Pachín" Vicens, "Astro del Balón", "El Jeep"; younger brother of Puerto Rico's National Poet, Nimia Vicens, who also hailed from Ciales). Their middle brother, Enrique "Coco" Vicens, a former Puerto Rico Senator, was a track and field athlete in his own right.

Economy

[edit]

Agriculture

[edit]

The Ciales economy has always depended heavily on agriculture, especially coffee products, minor fruits (such as lettuce) and dairy production.[2][48]

Government

[edit]
Main article: Mayoralty in Puerto Rico
Town Hall in Ciales barrio-pueblo, Puerto Rico

All municipalities in Puerto Rico are administered by a mayor, elected every four years. The current mayor of Ciales is Alexander Burgos Otero, of the Progressive New Party (PNP) who had previously served in the municipal legislature and grandson of previous Ciales mayor, Roque Otero Cortés. He was elected at the 2020 general elections.[49][50]

The city belongs to the Puerto Rico Senatorial district III, which is represented by two Senators. In 2008, José Emilio González Velázquez and Angel Martínez Santiago were elected as District Senators.[51]

Symbols

[edit]

The municipio has an official flag and coat of arms.[52] On the 150th anniversary of the founding of Ciales, the flag and coat of arms were adopted with Resolution No. 13 Series 1969–1970, sanctioned by Don Ismael Nazario, who was mayor at the time.[53]

Flag

[edit]

The flag is divided into seven unequal stripes described in sequence: yellow, red, yellow, purple, yellow, red, and yellow.[13][54]

Coat of arms

[edit]

The coat of arms consists of a gold shield with a lion standing on its rear legs and silver-plated nails grasping a silver coiled parchment between its front claws. The lion also shows a red tongue. Above the lion in the superior part of the shield are located three heraldic roses arranged horizontally with red petals and green leaves. A golden crown of three towers rests on the shield. The three towers are united by walls, simulating masonry blocks. The shield is surrounded by a crown of coffee tree branches with their berries, all in natural colors.[13][54]

Nicknames

[edit]
  • Cohoba City (Spanish: Ciudad de la cojoba) for the discover of instruments used by the Taíno in the Cohoba ritual, whereby they inhaled the hallucinogenic powder extracted from the cojoba seeds.[2][17]
  • Town of the Brave (Pueblo de los valerosos) for the high concentration of independence supports, such as Juan Antonio Corretjer, some of which participated in the Grito de Lares.[2]
  • Cradle of Poets (Cuna de poetas) due to it being the birthplace of several poets, such as Juan Antonio Corretjer[2] and Nimia Vicéns,[55] both considered Puerto Rico's national poets.[55][56]
  • Central Cordillera Gate (Puerta de la Cordillera Central) owing to its geographic location on the Cordillera Central mountainous range.[14]
  • Switzerland of Puerto Rico (Suiza de Puerto Rico) on account of "its similarity to European valleys with abundant vegetation," and the wooden houses that are located in them.[57]

Transportation

[edit]
Terminal de Carros Públicos Ciales on Calle Palmer

There is a public transportation terminal in downtown Ciales.[58] In addition, there are 18 bridges in Ciales,[59] including the NRHP-listed Manatí Bridge at Mata de Plátano.

Notable people from Ciales

[edit]
[edit]
  • Ciales, Puerto Rico police
    Ciales, Puerto Rico police
  • Juan Antonio Corretjer monument base at lookout in Ciales
    Juan Antonio Corretjer monument base at lookout in Ciales
  • Juan Antonio Corretjer sculpture monument at lookout
    Juan Antonio Corretjer sculpture monument at lookout
  • Bar in downtown Ciales, next to Coffee Museum
    Bar in downtown Ciales, next to Coffee Museum
  • Ciales, Puerto Rico view from Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjer
    Ciales, Puerto Rico view from Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjer
  • Ciales, Puerto Rico bridge
    Ciales, Puerto Rico bridge
  • Catholic church in Ciales barrio-pueblo
    Catholic church in Ciales barrio-pueblo
  • Coffee Museum
    Coffee Museum
  • Coffee Museum
    Coffee Museum
  • Coffee Museum in downtown Ciales
    Coffee Museum in downtown Ciales
  • Coffee Museum
    Coffee Museum
  • Sky with clouds above mountains in Ciales
    Sky with clouds above mountains in Ciales
  • Three King's Day Festival announcement in central plaza
    Three King's Day Festival announcement in central plaza

See also

[edit]

Notes

[edit]
  1. ^ Spanish: para graduarse de cialeño hay que subir a las Archillas.

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Bureau, US Census. "PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  2. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m Mari Mut, José A. (2013). "Ciales: Tierra del café" [Ciales: Land of Coffee]. Los pueblos de Puerto Rico y las iglesias de sus plazas [The Towns of Puerto Rico and the Churches in Their Squares] (PDF) (in Spanish). San Juan, Puerto Rico: edicionesdigitales.info. pp. 68–69. Archived (PDF) from the original on 2 July 2014. Retrieved 5 October 2021.
  3. ^ a b "Ciales" (in Spanish). 11 September 2014. Archived from the original on 28 June 2020. Retrieved 4 December 2020.
  4. ^ a b Green-Douglass, Lisa Cathleen (1990). Puerto Rico as a microcosm for toponymic study. University of Iowa. p. 215. Archived from the original on 5 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  5. ^ Acosta Cruz, María (2014). "Chapter 4: Dream History, Dream Nation". Dream Nation: Puerto Rican Culture and the Fictions of Independence. Rutgers University Press. p. 136. ISBN 9780813565484. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  6. ^ Padilla Aponte, Edwin Karli (2006). "La "construcción" de una nación puertorriqueña en la prensa escrita" [The "construction" of a Puerto Rican Nation in the Written Press]. In Castañeda, Antonia I.; Meléndez, A. Gabriel (eds.). Recovering the U. S. Hispanic Literary Heritage, Volume 6 (in Spanish). Arte Público Press. pp. 98, 105. ISBN 9781611922677. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  7. ^ Joseph Prentiss Sanger; Henry Gannett; Walter Francis Willcox (1900). Informe sobre el censo de Puerto Rico, 1899, United States. War Dept. Porto Rico Census Office (in Spanish). Imprenta del gobierno. p. 161. Archived from the original on 14 August 2023. Retrieved 15 February 2019.
  8. ^ Lugo, Ariel E. (2018). "Chapter 1: Introduction". Social-Ecological-Technological Effects of Hurricane María on Puerto Rico: Planning for Resilience under Extreme Events. Springer Publishing. p. 3. ISBN 9783030023874. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  9. ^ "María, un nombre que no vamos a olvidar. Lluvia y vientos destructores acabaron con 3,000 hogares en Ciales" [Maria, a name we will never forget. Destructive wind and rain finished 3,000 homes in Ciales]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). 13 June 2019. Archived from the original on 20 September 2021. Retrieved 19 September 2021.
  10. ^ "La AEE restablece el servicio en municipios del sur y centro de la isla". El Nuevo Dia (in Spanish). 23 December 2017. Archived from the original on 24 December 2017. Retrieved 25 June 2020.
  11. ^ "Abren Centro de Recuperación por Desastre de FEMA en Ciales" [FEMA Disaster Recovery Center Opens in Ciales]. Federal Emergency Management Agency (in Spanish). 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 4 October 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  12. ^ Vazquez, Priscilla. "Asociación de Industriales de Puerto Rico". Industriales Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on 12 March 2019. Retrieved 16 March 2019.
  13. ^ a b c d e "Ciales Municipality". enciclopediapr.org. Fundación Puertorriqueña de las Humanidades (FPH). Archived from the original on 27 March 2019. Retrieved 20 March 2019.
  14. ^ a b Ciales - Puerta de la Cordillera Central - Folleto informativo. Gobierno Municipal de Ciales, Puerto Rico. pp. 3–4.
  15. ^ Catro-Prieto, Jessica; Gould, William A.; Ortiz-Maldonado, Coralys; Soto-Bayó, Sandra; Llerandi-Román, Iván; Gatzambide-Arandes, Soledad; Quiñones, Maya; Cañón, Marcela; Jacobs, Kasey R. (3 October 2019). "A Comprehensive Inventory of Protected Areas and other Land Conservation Mechanisms in Puerto Rico" (PDF). United States Forest Service. International Institute of Tropical Forestry. p. 67. doi:10.2737/IITF-GTR-50. Archived (PDF) from the original on 18 January 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  16. ^ "Denuncian el corte de 508 árboles nativos en área protegida en Ciales" [Cutting of 508 Native Trees in a Protected Area in Ciales Denounced]. EFE (in Spanish). 2 September 2021. Archived from the original on 2 September 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  17. ^ a b c Kuilan Torres, Sandra J. (27 March 2009). "Tesoro en el corazón de Ciales" [Treasure in the Heart of Ciales]. El Nuevo Día (in Spanish). Archived from the original on 18 September 2020. Retrieved 4 October 2021 – via Ciencia Puerto Rico.
  18. ^ Fewkes, Jesse Walter; Curet, L. Antonio (2009). "Archeological Sites". The Aborigines of Puerto Rico and Neighboring Islands. University of Alabama Press. p. 87. ISBN 9780817382490. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  19. ^ Duany, Jorge (2002). Puerto Rican Nation on the Move : Identities on the Island and in the United States. University of North Carolina Press. p. 66. ISBN 9780807861479. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  20. ^ Oliver, José R.; Curet, L. Antonio (2009). "Chapter 12: Hanging On to and Losing the Power of the Cemí Idol". Caciques and Cemi Idols : The Web Spun by Taino Rulers Between Hispaniola and Puerto Rico. University of Alabama Press. p. 94. ISBN 9780817381172. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  21. ^ Rodríguez Ramos, Reniel (2010). "Chapter 4: Discovery of Puerto Rico and the Lifeways of Its Earliest Inhabitants". Rethinking Puerto Rican Precolonial History. University of Alabama Press. pp. 68–69. ISBN 9780817383275. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  22. ^ "Corren peligro: Remueven a residentes tras derrumbe de enormes rocas en Ciales" [In Danger: Residents Removed After Collapse of Huge Rocks in Ciales]. Telemundo Puerto Rico (in Spanish). 15 June 2021. Archived from the original on 19 July 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  23. ^ "Enorme derrumbe cierra carretera en Ciales" [Huge Landslide Closes Road in Ciales]. NotiCel (in Spanish). 15 June 2021. Archived from the original on 25 June 2021. Retrieved 4 October 2021.
  24. ^ Picó, Rafael; Buitrago de Santiago, Zayda; Berrios, Hector H. Nueva geografía de Puerto Rico: física, económica, y social, por Rafael Picó. Con la colaboración de Zayda Buitrago de Santiago y Héctor H. Berrios. San Juan Editorial Universitaria, Universidad de Puerto Rico,1969. Archived from the original on 26 December 2018. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  25. ^ Gwillim Law (20 May 2015). Administrative Subdivisions of Countries: A Comprehensive World Reference, 1900 through 1998. McFarland. p. 300. ISBN 978-1-4766-0447-3. Retrieved 25 December 2018.
  26. ^ a b Puerto Rico:2010:population and housing unit counts.pdf (PDF). U.S. Dept. of Commerce Economics and Statistics Administration U.S. Census Bureau. 2010. Archived (PDF) from the original on 20 February 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2019.
  27. ^ "Map of Ciales at the Wayback Machine" (PDF). Archived from the original (PDF) on 24 March 2018. Retrieved 29 December 2018.
  28. ^ "US Census Barrio-Pueblo definition". factfinder.com. US Census. Archived from the original on 13 May 2017. Retrieved 5 January 2019.
  29. ^ "DESGLOSE DE SECTORES Y CENTROS DE VOTACIÓN CIALES 023" (PDF). Comisión Estatal de Elecciones Puerto Rico. 19 October 2018. Archived (PDF) from the original on 15 June 2020. Retrieved 15 June 2020.
  30. ^ Rivera Quintero, Marcia (2014), El vuelo de la esperanza: Proyecto de las Comunidades Especiales Puerto Rico, 1997-2004 (1st ed.), San Juan, Puerto Rico Fundación Sila M. Calderón, p. 273, ISBN 978-0-9820806-1-0
  31. ^ "U.S. Decennial Census". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 13 February 2020. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
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  33. ^ "Table 3-Population of Municipalities: 1930 1920 and 1910" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  34. ^ "Table 4-Area and Population of Municipalities Urban and Rural: 1930 to 1950" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 30 August 2015. Retrieved 21 September 2014.
  35. ^ "Table 2 Population and Housing Units: 1960 to 2000" (PDF). United States Census Bureau. Archived (PDF) from the original on 24 July 2017. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  36. ^ Bureau, US Census. "PUERTO RICO: 2020 Census". The United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 26 August 2021. Retrieved 25 August 2021. {{cite web}}: |last= has generic name (help)
  37. ^ "Population and Housing Unit Estimates". United States Census Bureau. Archived from the original on 9 July 2021. Retrieved 21 September 2017.
  38. ^ Rivas-Rosado, Gryselle M. (2017). "Bilingualism, My Story". In Pousada, Alicia (ed.). Being Bilingual in Borinquen : Student Voices from the University of Puerto Rico. Cambridge Scholars Publishing. p. 29. ISBN 9781443896078. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  39. ^ Cortés Zavala, María Teresa (2014). "La pecadora: historia y literatura en fascículos en la Revista Puertorriqueña" [The Sinner: History and Literature in Fascicles in the Revista Puertorriqueña]. In Opatrný, Josef (ed.). El Caribe Hispanoparlante en Las Obras de Sus Historiadores: Ibero-Americana Pragensia - Supplementum [The Spanish-speaking Caribbean in the Works of Its Historians: Ibero-American Prague - Supplement] (in Spanish). Karolinum Press. p. 225. ISBN 9788024624501. Archived from the original on 29 October 2021. Retrieved 13 October 2021 – via ProQuest.
  40. ^ Pasaporte: Voy Turisteando (in Spanish). Compañia de Turismo de Puerto Rico. 2021.
  41. ^ "Reverdece hacienda Carvajal en Ciales" [The Carvajal farm is Greening in Ciales]. El Vocero (in Spanish). 3 October 2018. Archived from the original on 3 October 2018. Retrieved 8 October 2021.
  42. ^ "Where to Stay in Ciales". Discover Puerto Rico. Archived from the original on 29 June 2020. Retrieved 27 June 2020.
  43. ^ "Cueva Yuyu". 2 May 2016. Archived from the original on 4 July 2019. Retrieved 4 July 2019.
  44. ^ "Paseo Lineal Juan Antonio Corretjer - ZeePuertoRico.com". www.zeepuertorico.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
  45. ^ "Coffee Museum Puerto Rico Day Trips Travel Guide". www.puertoricodaytrips.com. Archived from the original on 12 May 2019. Retrieved 12 May 2019.
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