Attack on Pearl Harbor order of battle
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This is the attack on Pearl Harbor's order of battle for both the Empire of Japan and the United States.
Officers killed in action are indicated thus: †
Imperial Japanese Navy
[edit]
Naval General Staff
Admiral Osami Nagano[a]
Combined Fleet
Admiral Isoroku Yamamoto[b]
Vice Admiral Chuichi Nagumo[c]
- 1st Carrier Division
- Vice Admiral Nagumo
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- Akagi (flag) (Captain Kiichi Hasegawa
- Air Officer (Commander Shogo Masuda)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Commander Shigeru Itaya)
- 1st FCU Wave 1: 9 × A6M2 "Zero" (Lieutenant Commander Itaya) (one aircraft lost)
- 1st FCU Wave 2: 9 × A6M (Lieutenant Saburo Shindo)
- CAP:[d] 3 × A6M
- VB Leader (Lieutenant Takehiko Chihaya)
- 21st Shotai: 3 × D3A1 "Val" (Lieutenant Chihaya)
- 22nd Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 23rd Shotai: 3 × D3A (3 aircraft lost)
- 25th Shotai: 3 × D3A (Lieutenant Zenji Abe) (one aircraft lost)
- 26th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 27th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- VTB Leader (Commander Mitsuo Fuchida)
- 1st Chutai: 5 × B5N2 "Kate" (Commander Fuchida)
- 2nd Chutai: 5 × B5N (Lieutenant Goro Iwasaki)
- 3rd Chutai: 5 × B5N (Lieutenant Izumi Furukawa)
- VT Leader (Lieutenant Commander Shigeharu Murata)
- 1st Shotai: 3 × B5N (Lieutenant Commander Murata)
- 2nd Shotai: 3 × B5N
- 3rd Shotai: 3 × B5N (Lieutenant Asao Negishi)
- 4th Shotai: 3 × B5N
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Commander Shigeru Itaya)
- Air Officer (Commander Shogo Masuda)
- Akagi (flag) (Captain Kiichi Hasegawa
- Kaga (Captain Jisaku Okada[e])
- Air Officer (Commander Naohito Sato)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Yoshio Shiga)
- 2nd FCU Wave 1: 9 × A6M2 "Zero" (Lieutenant Shiga) (two aircraft lost)
- 2nd FCU Wave 2: 9 × A6M (Lieutenant Yasushi Nikaido) (two aircraft lost)
- CAP: 3 × A6M
- VB Leader (Lieutenant Saburo Makino †)
- 21st Shotai: 2 × D3A1 "Val" (Lieutenant Makino) (one aircraft lost)
- 22nd Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 23rd Shotai: 3 × D3A (one aircraft lost)
- 24th Shotai: 3 × D3A (Lieutenant Shoichi Ogawa) (two aircraft lost)
- 25th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 26th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 27th Shotai: 3 × D3A (Lieutenant Shoichi Ibuki) (one aircraft lost)
- 28th Shotai: 3 × D3A (one aircraft lost)
- 29th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- VTB Leader (Lieutenant Commander Takashi Hashiguchi)
- 1st Chutai: 5 × B5N2 "Kate" (Lieutenant Commander Hashiguchi)
- 2nd Chutai: 5 × B5N (Lieutenant Hideo Maki)
- 3rd Chutai: 4 × B5N (Lieutenant Yoshitaka Mikami)
- VT Leadern (Lieutenant Ichiro Kitajima)
- 1st Shotai: 3 × B5N (Lieutenant Kitajima) (one aircraft lost)
- 2nd Shotai: 3 × B5N (one aircraft lost)
- 3rd Shotai: 3 × B5N (Lieutenant Mimori Suzuki †) (two aircraft lost)
- 4th Shotai: 3 × B5N (one aircraft lost)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Yoshio Shiga)
- Air Officer (Commander Naohito Sato)
- Kaga (Captain Jisaku Okada[e])
- 2nd Carrier Division
- Rear Admiral Tamon Yamaguchi[f]
- Sōryū (Captain Ryusaku Yanagimoto[g])
- Air Officer (Commander Ikuto Kusumoto)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Masaji Suganami)
- 3rd FCU Wave 1: 8 × A6M2 "Zero" (Lieutenant Suganami)
- 3rd FCU Wave 2: 9 × A6M (Lieutenant Fusata Iida †) (three aircraft lost)
- CAP: 3 × A6M
- VB Leader (Lieutenant Commander Takashige Egusa)
- 21st Shotai: 3 × D3A1 "Val" (Lieutenant Commander Egusa) (one aircraft lost)
- 22nd Shotai: 3 × D3A (one aircraft lost)
- 23rd Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 24th Shotai: 3 × D3A (Lieutenant Masai Ikeda)
- 25th Shotai: 2 × D3A
- 26th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- VTB Leader (Lieutenant Heijiro Abe)
- 1st Chutai: 5 × B5N2 "Kate" (Lieutenant Abe)
- 2nd Chutai: 5 × B5N (Lieutenant Sadao Yamamoto)
- VT Leader (Lieutenant Tsuyoshi Nagai)
- 1st Shotai: 2 × B5N (Lieutenant Nagai)
- 2nd Shotai: 2 × B5N
- 3rd Shotai: 2 × B5N (Lieutenant Tatsumi Nakajima)
- 4th Shotai: 2 × B5N
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Masaji Suganami)
- Air Officer (Commander Ikuto Kusumoto)
- Sōryū (Captain Ryusaku Yanagimoto[g])
- Hiryū (Captain Tomeo Kaku)
- Air Officer (Commander Takahisa Amagai)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Sumio Nono)
- 4th FCU Wave 1: 6 × A6M2 "Zero" (Lieutenant Kiyokuma Okajima)
- 4th FCU Wave 2: 9 × A6M (Lieutenant Nono) (one aircraft lost)
- CAP: 3 × A6M
- VB Leader (Lieutenant Michio Kobayashi) (not present - aborted)
- 21st Shotai: 2 × D3A1 "Val" (Lieutenant Kobayashi)
- 22nd Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 23rd Shotai: 3 × D3A (one aircraft lost)
- 24th Shotai: 3 × D3A (Lieutenant Shun Nakagawa)
- 25th Shotai: 3 × D3A
- 26th Shotai: 3 × D3A (one aircraft lost)
- VTB Leader (Lieutenant Commander Tadashi Kusumi)
- 1st Chutai: 5 × B5N2 "Kate" (Lieutenant Commander Kusumi)
- 2nd Chutai: 5 × B5N (Lieutenant Toshio Hashimoto)
- VT Leader (Lieutenant Heita Matsumura)
- 1st Shotai: 2 × B5N (Lieutenant Matsumura)
- 2nd Shotai: 2 × B5N
- 3rd Shotai: 2 × B5N (Lieutenant Hiroharu Sumino)
- 4th Shotai: 2 × B5N
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Sumio Nono)
- Air Officer (Commander Takahisa Amagai)
- Hiryū (Captain Tomeo Kaku)
- 5th Carrier Division
- Rear Admiral Chuichi Hara
- Shōkaku (Captain Takatsugu Jōjima)
- Air Officer (Commander Tetsujiro Wada)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Tadashi Kaneko)
- 5th FCU Wave 1: 6 × A6M2 "Zero" (Lieutenant Kaneko)
- CAP: 12 × A6M
- VB Leader (Lieutenant Commander Kakuichi Takahashi)
- 1st Chutai: 9 × D3A1 "Val" (Lieutenant Commander Takahashi)
- 2nd Chutai: 8 × D3A (Lieutenant Masao Yamaguchi)
- 3rd Chutai: 9 × D3A (Lieutenant Hisayoshi Fujita) (one aircraft lost)
- VTB Leader (Lieutenant Tatsuo Ichihara)
- 1st Chutai: 9 × B5N2 "Kate" (Lieutenant Ichihara)
- 2nd Chutai: 9 × B5N (Lieutenant Tsutomu Hagiwara)
- 3rd Chutai: 9 × B5N (Lieutenant Yoshiaki Ikuin)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Tadashi Kaneko)
- Air Officer (Commander Tetsujiro Wada)
- Shōkaku (Captain Takatsugu Jōjima)
- Zuikaku (Captain Ichibei Yokokawa)
- Air Officer (Commander Hisao Shimoda)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Masao Sato)
- 6th FCU Wave 1: 5 × A6M2 "Zero" (Lieutenant Sato)
- CAP: 12 × A6M
- VB Leader (Lieutenant Akira Sakamoto (naval aviator)|Akira Sakamoto)
- 1st Chutai: 9 × D3A1 "Val" (Lieutenant Sakamoto)
- 2nd Chutai: 8 × D3A (Lieutenant Tamotsu Ema)
- 3rd Chutai: 8 × D3A (Lieutenant Chikahiro Hayashi)
- VTB Leader (Lieutenant Commander Shigekazu Shimazaki)
- 1st Chutai: 9 × B5N2 "Kate" (Lieutenant Commander Shimazaki)
- 2nd Chutai: 9 × B5N (Lieutenant Takemi Iwami)
- 3rd Chutai: 9 × B5N (Lieutenant Yoshiaki Tsubota)
- VF Leader (Lieutenant Masao Sato)
- Air Officer (Commander Hisao Shimoda)
- Zuikaku (Captain Ichibei Yokokawa)
- 1 Kagerō-class destroyer (6 × 5-in. main battery)
Escorts
[edit]
- 3rd Battleship Division
- Vice Admiral Gunichi Mikawa
- 2 Kongo-class fast battleships (8 × 14-in. main battery)
- 8th Cruiser Division
- Rear Admiral Hiroaki Abe[1]
- 2 Tone-class heavy cruisers (8 × 7.9-in. main battery)
- 1st Destroyer Squadron
- Rear Admiral Sentarō Ōmori
- 1 Nagara-class light cruiser (7 × 5.5-in. main battery)
- 17th Destroyer Division
- 4 Kagerō-class destroyers (6 × 5-in. main battery)
- 18th Destroyer Division[h]
- 2 Kagerō-class destroyers (6 × 5-in. main battery)
- 2 Asashio-class destroyers (6 × 5-in. main battery)
- 7th Destroyer Division (Midway Attack Unit)
- Captain Ohishi Kaname
- 2 Fubuki-class destroyers (6 × 5-in. main battery)
- 1st Supply Train
- 5 fleet oilers (all impressed merchantman)
- Kyokuto Maru, Kenyo Maru, Kokuyo Maru, Shinkoku Maru, Akebono Maru
- 5 fleet oilers (all impressed merchantman)
Submarines
[edit]
- 6th Fleet
- Vice Admiral Mitsumi Shimizu
- 1st Submarine Squadron
- Rear Admiral Tsutomu Sato
- 2nd Submarine Squadron
- Rear Admiral Shigeaki Yamazaki
- 3rd Submarine Squadron
- Rear Admiral Shigeyoshi Miwa
- Special Attack Unit
- Captain Hankyu Sasaki ("mother" submarines commander)
- Lieutenant Naoji Iwasa (midget submarines commander)
- I-22 (flag) (I-16-class {Type C1})
- I-22A (A type midget submarine)
- I-16 (I-16-class {Type C1}) Lt. Cmdr. Hiroshi Hanabusa
- I-16A (A type) (Ensign Kazuo Sakamaki[i])
- I-18 (I-16-class {Type C1})
- I-18A (A type)
- I-20 (I-16-class {Type C1})
- I-20A (A type)
- I-24 (I-16-class {Type C1})
- I-24A (A type)
- Submarine Reconnaissance Unit
- Commander Kashihara Yasuchika
United States
[edit]Afloat, United States Navy
[edit]
Adm. Harold R. Stark
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Adm. Husband E. Kimmel
Chief of Naval Operations
Admiral Harold R. Stark
Commander in Chief, U.S. Fleet / Pacific Fleet[2]
Admiral Husband E. "Kim" Kimmel
- Chief of Staff: Captain William W. Smith
- Operations Officer & Assistant Chief of Staff: Captain Walter S. DeLany
- 1st Assistant Operations Officer: Commander Roscoe F. Good
- 2nd Assistant Operations Officer: Lieutenant Commander Howard L. Collins
- War Plans Officer: Captain Charles H. McMorris
- Assistant War Plans & Marine Officer: Colonel Omar T. Pfeiffer, USMC
- Security Officer: Lieutenant Allan L. Reed
- Communications Officer: Commander Maurice E. Curts
- Gunnery Officer: Commander Willard A. Kitts
- Commandant, 14th Naval District: Rear Admiral Claude C. Bloch
- Commander, Navy Pacific Fleet Air Wing: Rear Admiral Patrick N. L. Bellinger
- Operations Officer: Captain Logan C. Ramsey
Battle Force (Task Force 1)
Vice Admiral William Satterlee Pye
Captain Harold C. Train, Chief of Staff
Battleships, Battle Force
[edit]
Rear Admiral Walter S. Anderson
- Battleship Division 1
- Rear Admiral Isaac Campbell Kidd †
- 1 Pennsylvania class (12 × 14-inch main battery)
- Arizona (BB-39) (sunk) (Captain Franklin Van Valkenburgh †)
- 2 Nevada class (10 × 14-inch main battery)
- Nevada (BB-36) (Captain Francis W. Scanland)
- Oklahoma (BB-37) (sunk) (Captain Howard D. "Ping" Bode[j])
- 1 Pennsylvania class (12 × 14-inch main battery)
- Battleship Division 2
- Rear Admiral Pye
- 1 Pennsylvania class (12 × 14-inch main battery)
- 2 Tennessee class (12 × 14-inch main battery)
- Tennessee (BB-43) (Captain Charles Edwin Reordan)
- California (BB-44) sunk, raised, and repaired) (Captain Joel W. Bunkley)
- Battleship Division 4
- Rear Admiral Anderson
- 3 Colorado class (8 × 16-inch main battery)
- Colorado (BB-45) (Puget Sound Navy Yard undergoing overhaul)
- Maryland (BB-46) (Captain D. C. Godwin)
- West Virginia (BB-48) (sunk, raised, and repaired) (Captain Mervyn Bennion †)
- 3 Colorado class (8 × 16-inch main battery)
Cruisers, Battle Force
[edit]Rear Admiral Herbert Fairfax Leary
- Cruiser Division 6 (Partial)
- 2 New Orleans class heavy cruisers (9 × 8-inch main battery)
- Cruiser Division 9
- Rear Admiral Leary
- 2 Brooklyn-class cruiser light cruisers (15 × 6-inch main battery)
- 2 St. Louis-class cruiser light cruisers (15 × 6-inch main battery)
- St. Louis (CL-49) (Captain George A. Rood)
- Helena (CL-50)
Destroyers, Battle Force
[edit]Rear Admiral Milo F. Draemel
- Destroyer Flotilla 1
- 1 Omaha class light cruiser (4 × 6-inch main battery)
- Destroyer Squadron 1
- 1 Porter class destroyer
- Destroyer Division One
- 4 Farragut class destroyers
- Destroyer Division Two
- 4 Farragut class destroyers
- Destroyer Squadron 3
- 1 Porter class destroyer
- Destroyer Division Five
- 4 Mahan class destroyers
- Destroyer Division Six
- 4 Mahan class destroyers
- Cummings (DD-365), Case (DD-370), Shaw (DD-373) (sunk, raised, and repaired), Tucker (DD-374)
- 4 Mahan class destroyers
- Destroyer Flotilla 2
- 1 Omaha class light cruiser (4 × 6-inch main battery)
- 8 Bagley class destroyers (4 × 5-inch main battery)
- 4 other destroyers (World War I designs)
- Allen (DD-66)
- Schley (DD-103)
- Chew (DD-106)
- Ward (DD-139) (patrolling Channel entrance to Pearl Harbor)
- Task Force 8[3]
- Vice Admiral William F. Halsey Jr.
- Enterprise (CV-6)
- Scouting Squadron 6 (Lt. Commander H.L. Hopping)
- 18 × Douglas SBD Dauntless (6 aircraft lost)[4]
- Scouting Squadron 6 (Lt. Commander H.L. Hopping)
- Enterprise (CV-6)
Minecraft, Battle Force
[edit]Rear Admiral William R. Furlong
- Oglala (CM-4) (sunk, raised, and repaired)
- 6 minesweepers
- 4 coastal minesweepers
- 8 fast minelayers
- 4 fast minesweepers
- 1 patrol gunboat
- 2 destroyer tenders
Auxiliaries
[edit]- 2 seaplane tenders
- 2 small seaplane tenders
- 2 seaplane tenders (converted destroyers)
- 1 ammunition ship
- 2 oilers
- 3 repair ships
- 1 submarine tender
- 1 submarine rescue ship
- 1 hospital ship
- 1 cargo ship
- Vega (AK-17) (at Honolulu)
- 2 stores issue ships
- Castor (AKS-1), Antares (AKS-3) (entering Pearl Harbor)
- 4 ocean tugs
- Ontario (AT-13), Sunnadin (AT-28), Keosanqua (AT-38) (entering Pearl Harbor), Navajo (AT-64) (12 nautical miles or 22 kilometres outside Pearl Harbor entrance)
- 4 miscellaneous auxiliaries
- Utah (AG-16) (target ship) (sunk), Argonne (AG-31), Sumner (AG-32), Baltimore (CM-1) (out of commission)
- 1 coast guard cutter
- Taney (WPG-37) (at Honolulu)
Ashore, United States Army
[edit]Chief of Staff of the Army
General George Catlett Marshall, Jr.[5]
- Hawaiian Department
- Lieutenant General Walter Campbell Short[6]
- Schofield Barracks
- 24th Infantry ("Taro") Division[7]
- Brigadier General Durward S. Wilson[8]
- 25th Infantry ("Tropic Lightning") Division[7]
- Major General Maxwell Murray[6]
- 27th Infantry Regiment[8]
- 35th Infantry Regiment[8]
- 298th Infantry Regiment,[8] Hawaiian Territorial Guard
- Hawaiian Coast Artillery Command
- Major General Henry Bargin[7]
- Hawaiian Separate Coast Artillery Brigade[7]
- 53rd Coast Artillery Brigade[7][9]
- 64th Coast Artillery Regiment[8]
- 97th Coast Artillery Regiment[8]
- 98th Coast Artillery Regiment[8]
- 251st Coast Artillery Regiment,[8] California Army National Guard[10][11][12][13]
- Schofield Barracks
- Hawaiian Air Force
- Major General Frederick L. Martin[6]
- 14th Pursuit Wing
- Brigadier General Howard C. Davidson[14]
- 15th Pursuit Group[14]
- 18th Air Base Command[15]
- 18th Pursuit Group[14]
- 18th Bombardment Wing
- Brigadier General Jacob H. Rudolph[14]
Ashore, United States Marine Corps
[edit]14th Naval District Marine Officer
Colonel Harry K. Pickett
- Marine Barracks Pearl Harbor (Col. Gilder D. Jackson Jr.)
- Observer from the Headquarters Marine Corps: Lt. Col. William J. Whaling
- Marine Barracks, Naval Ammunition Depot, Oahu (Maj. Francis M. McAlister)
- 1st Defense Battalion[18] (Lt. Col. Bertram A. Bone)
- 3rd Defense Battalion[18] (Lt. Col. Robert H. Pepper; acting commander Maj. Harold C. Roberts)
- 4th Defense Battalion[18] (Lt. Col. Harold S. Fassett)
- 2nd Engineer Battalion[19] (Lt. Col. Elmer E. Hall)
- Marine Corps Air Station Ewa[20]
Notes
[edit]- ^ Died of a heart attack while on trial for war crimes, 5 January 1947.
- ^ Shot down over Bougainville by US fighters while on a tour of the upper Solomon Islands, 18 April 1943.
- ^ Committed suicide by gunshot on Saipan, 6 July 1944.
- ^ Combat air patrol
- ^ Killed in action at Midway, 4 June 1942.
- ^ Chose to go down with the Hiryu when she was sunk at Midway, 5 June 1942.
- ^ Chose to go down with the Soryu when she was sunk at Midway, 5 June 1942.
- ^ Detached from DesRon 2
- ^ USA's first POW
- ^ Committed suicide upon learning he would be held partly responsible for the disaster at the Battle of Savo Island
References
[edit]- ^ "Abe Hiroaki". Retrieved 11 September 2022.
- ^ Gudmens, LTC Jeffrey J. (June 2009). "Appendi× B: Order of Battle, US Forces". Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America (PDF). Fort Leavenworth, Kansas: Combat Studies Institute Press. pp. 137–141. Retrieved 24 February 2015.
- ^ Mark, Evans. "Enterprise VII (CV-6)". NHHC. US Navy. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ Hopping, H.L. "USS Enterprise (CV-6) Scouting Squadron 6 Action Report". NHHC. US Navy. Retrieved 9 September 2022.
- ^ "2. The Day of Infamy – 7 December 1941". United States Army Pacific. United States Army. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ a b c James C. McNaughton (20 November 2001). "The Hawaiian Department, 7 December 1941". United States Army Pacific. United States Army. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Gudmens, Jeffrey J. (2005). Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America. DIANE Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 9781428916449. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
Hawaiian Coast Artillery Command.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o Gudmens, Jeffrey J. (2005). Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America. DIANE Publishing. p. 83. ISBN 9781428916449. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
24th infantry Division Pearl Harbor.
- ^ Stanton, Shelby L. (1984). Order of battle, U.S. Army, World War II. Presidio. p. 430. ISBN 9780891411956.
- ^ "California and the Second World War: A Short History of the California National Guard In World War II". California Military Museum. California state Military Department. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ James C. McNaughton (20 November 2001). "The Hawaiian Department, 7 December 1941". United States Army, Pacific. United States Army. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ Gudmens, Jeffrey J. (2005). Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America. DIANE Publishing. p. 82. ISBN 9781428916449. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ Koker, Hubert L. (1991). "Air Raid Pearl Harbor! This is No Drill!" (PDF). ADA Magazine (November–December). United States Army ADA School: 14–17. Retrieved 1 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Gudmens, Jeffrey J. (2005). Staff Ride Handbook for the Attack on Pearl Harbor, 7 December 1941: A Study of Defending America. DIANE Publishing. p. 84. ISBN 9781428916449. Retrieved 16 October 2012.
- ^ a b Arakaki, Leatrice R.; Kuborn, John R. (1991). 7 December 1941: The Air Force Story. Hickam: United States Air Force. p. 7. ISBN 0-912799-73-0. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Arakaki, Leatrice R.; Kuborn, John R. (1991). 7 December 1941: The Air Force Story. Hickam: United States Air Force. p. 41. ISBN 0-912799-73-0. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b Arakaki, Leatrice R.; Kuborn, John R. (1991). 7 December 1941: The Air Force Story. Hickam: United States Air Force. p. 21. ISBN 0-912799-73-0. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b c Hough, Lieutenant Colonel Frank O.; Ludwig, Major Verle E.; Shaw, Jr., Henry I. (1989). Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal History of U. S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 67. LCCN 58-60002. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ Hough, Lieutenant Colonel Frank O.; Ludwig, Major Verle E.; Shaw, Jr., Henry I. (1989). Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal History of U. S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 69. LCCN 58-60002. Retrieved 17 October 2012.
- ^ a b c d e Hough, Lieutenant Colonel Frank O.; Ludwig, Major Verle E.; Shaw, Jr., Henry I. (1989). Pearl Harbor to Guadalcanal History of U. S. Marine Corps Operations in World War II Volume 1. Washington, D.C.: United States Government Printing Office. p. 68. LCCN 58-60002. Retrieved 17 October 2012.