Ponera
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| Ponera | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Ponera sp. | |
Scientific classification  | |
| Domain: | Eukaryota |
| Kingdom: | Animalia |
| Phylum: | Arthropoda |
| Class: | Insecta |
| Order: | Hymenoptera |
| Family: | Formicidae |
| Subfamily: | Ponerinae |
| Tribe: | Ponerini |
| Genus: | Ponera Latreille, 1804 |
| Type species | |
| Formica coarctata Latreille, 1802 | |
| Diversity[1] | |
| 66 species | |
| Synonyms | |
| Pseudocryptopone Wheeler, W.M., 1933 | |
Ponera is a genus of ponerine ants. The name is the Latinized form (Ponēra) of the Ancient Greek ponira (πονηρά, 'wicked, wretched').[2]
Description
[edit]Workers are very small to small in size (1–4 mm); queen are similar to workers but winged.[3] This genus is very similar to Cryptopone, Hypoponera and Pachycondyla.[4]
Biology
[edit]Ponera nests contain less than 100 workers in protected places on the ground, most often in the soil or in cracks, rotten wood, under bark or moss on rotten logs.[4]
Distribution
[edit]Ponera is known from the Holarctic, Samoa, New Guinea and Australia.[4]
Species
[edit]
in Sicilian amber
- Ponera alisana Terayama, 1986
- Ponera alpha Taylor, 1967
- Ponera augusta Taylor, 1967
- Ponera bableti Perrault, 1993
- Ponera baka Xu, 2001
- Ponera bawana Xu, 2001
- Ponera bishamon Terayama, 1996
- Ponera borneensis Taylor, 1967
- Ponera chapmani Taylor, 1967
- Ponera chiponensis Terayama, 1986
- Ponera clavicornis Emery, 1900
- Ponera coarctata (Latreille, 1802)
- Ponera colaensis Mann, 1921
- Ponera diodonta Xu, 2001
- †Ponera elegantissima Meunier, 1923
- Ponera elegantula Wilson, 1957
- Ponera exotica Smith, 1962
- Ponera guangxiensis Zhou, 2001
- Ponera hubeiensis Wang & Zhao, 2009
- Ponera incerta (Wheeler, 1933)
- Ponera indica Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012
- Ponera japonica Wheeler, 1906
- Ponera kohmoku Terayama, 1996
- Ponera leae Forel, 1913
- †Ponera leptocephala Emery, 1891
- †Ponera lobulifera Dlussky, 2009
- Ponera loi Taylor, 1967
- Ponera longlina Xu, 2001
- Ponera manni Taylor, 1967
- †Ponera mayri Dlussky, 2009
- Ponera menglana Xu, 2001
- Ponera nangongshana Xu, 2001
- Ponera norfolkensis Wheeler, 1935
- Ponera oreas (Wheeler, 1933)
- Ponera paedericera Zhou, 2001
- Ponera pennsylvanica Buckley, 1866
- Ponera pentodontos Xu, 2001
- Ponera petila Wilson, 1957
- Ponera pianmana Xu, 2001
- Ponera rishen Terayama, 2009
- Ponera ruficornis Spinola, 1851
- Ponera scabra Wheeler, 1928
- Ponera selenophora Emery, 1900
- Ponera shennong Terayama, 2009
- Ponera sikkimensis Bharti & Rilta, 2015
- Ponera sinensis Wheeler, 1928
- Ponera swezeyi (Wheeler, 1933)
- Ponera syscena Wilson, 1957
- Ponera sysphinctoides Bernard, 1950
- Ponera szaboi Wilson, 1957
- Ponera szentivanyi Wilson, 1957
- Ponera taipingensis Forel, 1913
- Ponera taiyangshen Terayama, 2009
- Ponera takaminei Terayama, 1996
- Ponera tamon Terayama, 1996
- Ponera taylori Bharti & Wachkoo, 2012
- Ponera tenuis (Emery, 1900)
- Ponera terayamai Leong, Guénard, Shiao & Lin, 2019
- Ponera testacea Emery, 1895
- Ponera tudigong Pierce, Leong & Guénard, 2019
- †Ponera wheeleri Dlussky, 2009
- Ponera woodwardi Taylor, 1967
- Ponera wui Leong, Guénard, Shiao & Lin, 2019
- Ponera xantha Xu, 2001
- Ponera xenagos Wilson, 1957
- Ponera yuhuang Terayama, 2009
References
[edit]- ^ Bolton, B. (2014). "Ponera". AntCat. Retrieved 20 July 2014.
- ^ "ponerid". Oxford English Dictionary (Online ed.). Oxford University Press. (Subscription or participating institution membership required.)
- ^ Schmidt, C. A.; Shattuck, S. O. (2014). "The Higher Classification of the Ant Subfamily Ponerinae (Hymenoptera: Formicidae), with a Review of Ponerine Ecology and Behavior". Zootaxa. 3817 (1): 1–242. doi:10.11646/zootaxa.3817.1.1. PMID 24943802.
- ^ a b c "Ponera Latreille, 1804, Ants Down Under". CSIRO Australia. Retrieved 2010-08-10.
External links
[edit]
Media related to Ponera at Wikimedia Commons
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