Robert Bartlett (explorer)
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Robert Bartlett | |
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| Born | 15 August 1875 |
| Died | 28 April 1946 (aged 70) New York City, U.S. |
| Occupations | Maritime explorer, navigator |
| Title | Captain |
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Robert Abram Bartlett (August 15, 1875 – April 28, 1946) was a Newfoundland-born American Arctic explorer of the late 19th and early 20th centuries.[1]
Early life
[edit]Born in Brigus, Colony of Newfoundland, Bartlett was the oldest of ten children born to William James Bartlett and Mary J. Leamon, and heir to a family tradition of seafaring. He grew up in Hawthorne Cottage in Brigus. By the age of 17, he mastered his first ship and began a lifelong love affair with the Arctic.
Career
[edit]Bartlett spent more than 50 years mapping and exploring the waters of the Far North and led over 40 expeditions to the Arctic, more than anyone before or since.
Bartlett was captain of the SS Roosevelt and accompanied United States Navy Commander Robert Peary on his attempts to reach the North Pole. He was awarded the Hubbard Medal of the National Geographic Society for breaking the trail through the frozen Arctic Sea to within 150 miles of the pole,[2] yet was excluded from the final exploring party (possibly due to a rivalry between the two men).[3] Bartlett took a ship and was the first person to sail north of 88° N.
In 1914, Bartlett's leadership in the doomed Karluk Expedition helped save the lives of most of its stranded participants after leader Vilhjalmur Stefansson abandoned the expedition. After being stranded for several months, Bartlett and Inuit hunter Kataktovik walked 700 miles from Wrangel Island over the ice of the Chukchi Sea and across Siberia and then mounted an expedition from Alaska to rescue his surviving companions on Wrangel Island. He received the highest award from the Royal Geographical Society for his outstanding heroism. However, despite his popularity among the press, the public, and those he had rescued, he was later censured by an admiralty commission for taking Karluk into the Arctic, and for allowing a party of four (the expedition's medical officer Alistair Forbes Mackay, biologist James Murray, anthropologist Henri Beuchat, and seaman Stanley Morris) to leave the main group—despite a letter that Mackay and the others had signed, absolving the captain from responsibility (all four subsequently died).[4][5]
In 1917, Bartlett rescued the members of Donald Baxter MacMillan's ill-fated Crocker Land Expedition, who had been stuck on the ice for four years.[6]
From 1925 to 1945, at the command of his own schooner, Effie M. Morrissey, Bartlett led many important scientific expeditions to the Arctic sponsored by American museums, the Explorers Club and the National Geographic Society. He also helped to survey the Arctic for the United States Government during World War II.
In 1931, Bartlett starred as Captain Barker in the film The Viking about a sealing ship in Newfoundland. The film was shot on location and during the filming of several action scenes, the ship on which filming was taking place exploded, killing 28 men. Despite this, the film was still released. In it, Bartlett plays the captain of the sealing vessel The Viking who is proud of his reputation for never having lost a man.[7]
Personal life and death
[edit]Bartlett was a teetotaler, saying that he didn't drink alcohol "because God gave me my body and I propose to take care of it."[8]
Bartlett died when he was 70 in a New York City hospital from pneumonia and was buried in his hometown of Brigus, Newfoundland and Labrador. Hawthorne Cottage, Bartlett's place of residence in Brigus, is a National Historic Site of Canada.
Awards and honors
[edit]In 1909, Bartlett was awarded the Hubbard Medal by the National Geographic Society which is awarded for distinction in exploration, discovery, and research. In 1927, the Boy Scouts of America made Bartlett an Honorary Scout, a new category of Scout created that same year. This distinction was given to "American citizens whose achievements in outdoor activity, exploration and worthwhile adventure are of such an exceptional character as to capture the imagination of boys...". Among others who were awarded this distinction were included Richard E. Byrd, Charles Lindbergh, and Orville Wright.[9]
He was awarded an Honorary Fellowship from the American Geographical Society in 1918, and its Daly Medal in 1925.[10] In 1944, he was awarded the Peary Polar Expedition Medal. The Canadian Coast Guard vessel CCGS Bartlett is named for Bartlett. Canada Post featured Bartlett on a Canadian postage stamp released on July 10, 2009.[11]
In fiction
[edit]Robert “Bob” Bartlett is a major character in the novel The Big Why by author Michael Winter (published 2004). Author Eric Walters documented some of the aspects of his journey to find Arctic islands in the historical novels Trapped in Ice and The Pole. Bartlett and Kataktovik's journey through Chukotka, Siberia is recounted as an episode in Chukchi author Yuri Rytkheu's novel A Dream in Polar Fog.[12]
Further reading
[edit]- Horwood, Harold (1977). Bartlett, the Great Canadian Explorer. Garden City, NY: Doubleday. ISBN 9780385099844.
- Bartlett, Bob; Hale, Ralph Tracy (1916). The Last Voyage of the Karluk: Flagship of Vilhjalmar Stefansson's Canadian Arctic Expedition of 1913-16. Boston: Small, Maynard and Co.
- Bartlett, Bob (1928). The Log of Bob Bartlett: The True Story of Forty Years of Seafaring and Exploration. New York: G.P. Putnam's Sons.
- Hanrahan, Maura (2018). Unchained Main: The Arctic Life and Times of Captain Robert Abram Bartlett. Boulder Publications. ISBN 9781927099940.
- Levy, Buddy (2022). Empire of Ice and Stone: The Disastrous and Heroic Voyage of the Karluk. New York: St. Martin's Press. ISBN 9781250274441.[13]
- Niven, Jennifer (2001). The Ice Master. London: Pan Books. ISBN 0-330-39123-2.
References
[edit]- ^ "Bob Bartlett". Newfoundland and Labrador Heritage. Retrieved 26 August 2024.
- ^ Horwood, Harold (1977). Bartlett: The Great Canadian Explorer. Doubleday. ISBN 0-385-09984-3.
- ^ West, James E. (1931). The Boy Scouts Book of True Adventure. New York: Putnam. OCLC 8484128.
- ^ Higgins, Jenny (2008). "The Karluk Disaster". Memorial University of Newfoundland. Retrieved 9 January 2010.
Although an admiralty commission later criticized Bartlett for agreeing to take the Karluk into the Arctic and allowing a group of four to travel south on their own, the press and public celebrated him as a hero. The Royal Geographic Society gave him an award for outstanding bravery and many survivors credited him with saving their lives, particularly William Laird McKinley, who later wrote: "there was for me only one real hero in the whole [Karluk] story – Bob Bartlett. Honest, fearless, reliable, loyal, everything a man should be" (Niven 366).
- ^ Niven 2000, p. 357-67.
- ^ Guadazno, Laurel. "History Highlights: Donald MacMillan, Arctic explorer, hometown hero". Provincetown Banner. Archived from the original on 15 July 2011.
- ^ Doll, Susan. "The Viking (1931)". Turner Classic Movies. Archived from the original on 9 April 2018. Retrieved 8 April 2018.
- ^ Niven 2000, p. 100.
- ^ "Around the World". Time. 29 August 1927. Archived from the original on 20 February 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2007.
- ^ "American Geographical Society Honorary Fellowships" (PDF). American Geographical Society. Archived from the original (PDF) on 4 July 2009. Retrieved 2 March 2009.
- ^ "Captain Robert Bartlett". Details. Vol. XVIII, no. 3. Canada Post. July–September 2009. p. 16.
- ^ Rytkheu, Yuri (2011). A Dream in Polar Fog. Translated by Chavasse, Ilona Yazhbin. Brooklyn, NY: Archipelago Books. ISBN 978-0-9778576-1-6.
- ^ Akers, W. M. (29 November 2022). "Arctic Explorers Trapped in a Frozen Hell". The New York Times.
Works cited
[edit]- McKinlay, William Laird (1999). The Last Voyage of the Karluk: A Survivor's Memoir of Arctic Disaster. St. Martin's Griffin. ISBN 0312206550.
- Niven, Jennifer (2000). The Ice Master: The Doomed 1913 Voyage of the Karluk. Hyperion. ISBN 0-7868-6529-6.
External links
[edit]
- Works by Robert Abram Bartlett at Faded Page (Canada)
- Works by Robert Bartlett at Biodiversity Heritage Library
- Works by Robert Bartlett at Open Library
- Works by or about Robert Bartlett at the Internet Archive
- The Papers of Robert A. Bartlett at Dartmouth College Library
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