Saint symbolism: Saints (I–P)
From Wikipedia the free encyclopedia
Saint symbolism has been used from the very beginnings of the religion.[1] Each saint is said to have led an exemplary life and symbols have been used to tell these stories throughout the history of the Church.[2] A number of Christian saints are traditionally represented by a symbol or iconic motif associated with their life, termed an attribute or emblem, in order to identify them. The study of these forms part of iconography in art history.[3] They were particularly used so that the illiterate could recognize a scene, and to give each of the Saints something of a personality in art.[2] They are often carried in the hand by the Saint.
Attributes often vary with either time or geography, especially between Eastern Christianity and the West. Orthodox images more often contained inscriptions with the names of saints, so the Eastern repertoire of attributes is generally smaller than the Western.[c] Many of the most prominent saints, like Saint Peter and Saint John the Evangelist can also be recognised by a distinctive facial type. Some attributes are general, such as the martyr's palm.[4] The use of a symbol in a work of art depicting a Saint reminds people who is being shown and of their story. The following is a list of some of these attributes.
Saints listed by name
[edit]Saints (A–H)
Saints (Q–Z)
I
[edit]- Symbol for Isidore of Seville: beehive, crozier and quill
- Ignatius of Antioch surrounded by lions
- Ida of Toggenburg and a deer with 12 candles
Article title | Attributes |
---|---|
Ida of Toggenburg | Deer, or a deer with 12 candles, crow[5] |
Ignatius of Antioch | bishops vestments, surrounded by lions or in chains[a] |
Ignatius of Loyola | chasuble, book often inscribed with Ad majorem Dei gloriam, or the letters AMDG, the christogram IHS with a cross across the h (traditionally with three nails below the letters, and the letters and nails surrounded by the sun's rays), sword, cross, biretta [a] |
Imelda Lambertini | Wearing first communion dress, chapel veil with attached to a chaplet of flowers on her head and rosary[citation needed] |
Imerius of Immertal | hermit's garb and bird of prey[a] |
Indaletius | miter, staff and a book in his hands[citation needed] |
Inés de Benigánim | Religious habit of a Discalced Augustinian nun[citation needed] |
Innocent XI | Papal attire, Papal tiara, camauro[citation needed] |
Innocent of Alaska | Vested as a bishop, with a moderately long black beard, holding a Gospel Book or scroll[citation needed] |
Innocenzo da Berzo | Capuchin habit[citation needed] |
Inocencio of Mary Immaculate | Passionist habit and Passionist Sign[citation needed] |
Irene of Rome | Tending to Saint Sebastian[citation needed] |
Irene of Tomar | martyr's palm[a] |
Irene Stefani | Religious habit of the Consolata Missionary Sisters[citation needed] |
Irmã Dulce | Religious habit[clarification needed][citation needed] |
Irmgard of Chiemsee | crozier of an abbess, flaming heart, Benedictine habit, crown[citation needed] |
Irmina of Oeren | a church in her hand, signifying her status as a church founder; with two angels above her head, carrying her soul to heaven[6] |
Isaac of Dalmatia | Clothed as an Eastern monk, sometimes holding a scroll with a quotation from his hagiography, sometimes carrying a paterissa[citation needed] |
Isaac of Nineveh | Scrolls and books, writing tools[citation needed] |
Isabel Cristina Mrad Campos | Martyr's palm, Lily flower, rosary[citation needed] |
Isaiah | With gray hair and beard holding a scroll with words from Isaiah 7:14, (in Latin) ecce virgo concipiet et pariet filium et vocabitur nomen eius Emmanuel (behold, a virgin shall conceive and bear a son, and his name shall be Emmanuel)[b] |
Isabel Sánchez Romero | Dominican habit, crucifix[citation needed] |
Isidore De Loor | Passionist habit[citation needed] |
Isidore of Seville | bees; bishop holding a pen while surrounded by a swarm of bees; bishop standing near a beehive; old bishop with a prince at his feet; pen; priest or bishop with pen and book; with Saint Leander, Saint Fulgentius, and Saint Florentina; with his Etymologiae[a] |
Isidore the Laborer | peasant holding a sickle and a sheaf of corn, a sickle and staff, as an angel plows for him; or with an angel and white oxen near him. In Spanish art, his attributes are a spade or a plough.[7] |
Isnardo da Chiampo | Dominican habit[citation needed] |
István Sándor (martyr) | book, Martyr's palm[citation needed] |
Ivo of Kermartin | as a lawyer, holding a document, in legal dress[a] |
J
[edit]- An axe, the symbol of the martyrdom of Saint Jude the Apostle
- Juan Diego, wearing a tilmàtli
- Saint Joseph holding a rod of spikenard
- Cistercian religious habit
- Dominican religious habit
- De La Salle Christian Brother habit
K
[edit]Article title | Attributes |
---|---|
Katharine Drexel | habit of the Sisters of the Blessed Sacrament[a] |
Kalliopi (martyr) | hot iron pressed to her breast[citation needed] |
Kamen Vitchev | Assumptionist habit, cross, book[citation needed] |
Karolina Gerhardinger | Religious habit of the School Sisters[citation needed] |
Karolina Kózka | Lily flowers, martyr's palm, Rosary[citation needed] |
Kaspar Stanggassinger | Priest's habit[citation needed] |
Kateri Tekakwitha | turtle, white lily, cross, rosary [a][b] |
Katherine of Ledbury | ringing bells,[20][21] the footprints of her stolen horse, clairvoyance,[22] herbs and milk[23] |
Kentigern | bishop with a robin on his shoulder; holding a bell and a fish with a ring in its mouth[24] |
Kea | hermit with a stag[citation needed] |
Kessog | in a soldier's habit, holding a bow bent with an arrow in it[citation needed] |
Kevin of Glendalough | blackbird[a] |
Khalīl al-Haddād | Franciscan habit, rosary[citation needed] |
Kilian | wearing a bishop's mitre and wielding a sword[a] |
Kinga of Poland | Depicted as an abbess; crown[citation needed] |
Kjeld of Viborg | cassock, book[a] |
Knut of Denmark | royal insignia, dagger, lance or arrow.[a] |
Koloman | pilgrim's hat and dress, rope in his hand; hanging on a gibbet; tongs and rod; book and maniple[b] |
Kristos Samra | Woman with two-sided wings[citation needed] |
Kuriakose Elias Chavara | Catholic saint, founder and social reformer[citation needed] |
L
[edit]M
[edit]- Mary Magdalene pictured with her attributes
- Marina of Antioch beating a demon with a hammer
N
[edit]- Three golden balls as attributes of Saint Nicholas
- Bell of Saint Ninian
Saint | Symbol |
---|---|
Nano Nagle | holding a lantern[34] |
Narcissus of Jerusalem | Depicted as a bishop holding a thistle in blossom; pitcher of water near him, an angel depicted carrying his soul to Heaven[25] |
Nazarius and Celsus | depicted as a man and boy walking on the sea[35] |
Neagoe Basarab | Crown, Cross, Sword, Scroll, Hesychast[citation needed] |
Nectarios of Aegina | Wearing a sakkos, omophorion worn about his shoulder, holding a book and epanokalimavkion[citation needed] |
Neot | fish[a] |
Nestor of Magydos | Vested as a bishop holding a cross[25] |
Nicasius, Quirinus, Scubiculus, and Pientia | Dragon (Quirinus)[36] |
Nicolás Factor | Franciscan habit, skull, fire [b] |
Nicholas I | rooster[37] |
Nicholas of Myra | Vested as a Bishop. In Eastern Christianity, wearing an omophorion and holding a Gospel Book. Sometimes shown with Jesus Christ over one shoulder, holding a Gospel Book, and with the Theotokos over the other shoulder, holding an omophorion, holding three golden balls or coins, crozier, anchor, boat, children, wheat sheaves[a] |
Nicholas of Tolentino | Augustinian holding a bird on a plate in the right hand and a crucifix on the other hand; holding a basket of bread, giving bread to a sick person; holding a lily or a crucifix garlanded with lilies; with a star above him or on his breast[38] |
Nicodemus the Hagiorite | Long white beard, monastic garb, often writing on a scroll, or in a book[citation needed] |
Nicola da Forca Palena | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Nicola da Gesturi | Capuchin habit[citation needed] |
Nicola Mazza | Priest's attire, Children at his side[citation needed] |
Nicola Paglia | Dominican habit[citation needed] |
Nicola Saggio | Crucifix, habit of the Minims[citation needed] |
Nicolás Factor | Franciscan habit, Skull, Fire[39] |
Nicolò Cortese | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Nicolò Politi | Staff[citation needed] |
Nicolò Rusca | Crucifix[citation needed] |
Nicomedes | club set with spikes[25] |
Nikolaj Velimirović | Vested as a bishop[citation needed] |
Nikolaus Gross | Palm branch |
Nilus the Younger | holding an oil lamp[25] |
Nimatullah Kassab | Religious habit, prayer rope[citation needed] |
Ninian | Episcopal, clogrinny, or the Bell of St. Ninian[40][a] |
Nino | Grapevine cross[citation needed] |
Ninnoc | stag at her feet[41] |
Nonnosus | oil lamp or hanging lamp, rock,[42] depicted sometimes as a Benedictine monk (in black habit) or as an abbot with a staff or as a deacon wearing a dalmatic[43] |
Norbert of Xanten | monstrance, cross with two beams[a][44] |
Notburga | Ear of corn, or flowers and a sickle or a scythe in her hand[25] |
Notker the Stammerer | A rod; Benedictine habit; book in one hand and a broken rod in the other with which he strikes the Devil[citation needed] |
Nuno Álvares Pereira | Knight, sword, fleur-de-lis, Carmelite Habit, |
Nunzio Sulprizio | Rosary, Anvil[citation needed] |
O
[edit]- Saint Olaf with axe in a viking boat
- Saint Odile with larkspur
- Othmar with a wine barrel
Saint | Symbol |
---|---|
Obitius | depicted as a warrior on horseback[citation needed] |
Oda of Scotland | wearing a long blue gown with one shoulder bare, carrying a staff or a book; magpie on her hand and a crown under her feet[a] |
Odile of Alsace | Abbess praying before an altar; woman with a book on which lie two eyes[45] |
Odo of Novara | Carthusian habit, Staff[citation needed] |
Olaf of Norway | crown, axe, standing in a Viking boat[a] |
Olinto Marella | Priest's cassock[citation needed] |
Onesiphorus | Martyr's palm[citation needed] |
Onuphrius | old hermit dressed only in long hair and a loincloth of leaves; hermit with an angel bringing him the Eucharist or bread; hermit with a crown at his feet[46][47] |
Opportuna of Montreuil | carrying an abbess's crozier and a casket of relics. She may also be shown with the Virgin appearing at her deathbed or as a princess with a basket of cherries and a fleur-de-lys[48] |
Origen | self-castration, monastic habit[citation needed] |
Orontius of Lecce | Episcopal attire; smashes pagan idols at his feet[49] |
Osanna of Mantua | Dominican tertiary wearing a crown of thorns and surrounded by rays of light; Dominican with the devil under her feet; a broken heart with a crucifix springing from it; a lily; two angels, one with a lily, one with a cross[citation needed] |
Osgyth | Depicted carrying her own head, represented in art with a stag behind her and a long key hanging from her girdle, or otherwise carrying a key and a sword crossed, a device which commemorates St. Peter, St. Paul and St. Andrew[50] |
Oswald of Northumbria | king in crown, carrying sceptre and orb, ciborium, sword, palm-branch, and/or with his raven[citation needed] |
Othmar | Crozier and wine barrel[citation needed] |
P
[edit]- Saint Peter Martyr with an axe stuck in his head
Article title | Attributes |
---|---|
Pachomius the Great | Hermit in a garb, Hermit crossing the Nile on the back of a crocodile[citation needed] |
Pacificus of Ceredano | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Pacificus of San Severino | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Padre Pio | Stigmata, Franciscan habit, miracles, and sacerdotal vestments[citation needed] |
Palladius of Embrun | episcopal attire[citation needed] |
Pancras of Rome | Roman legion armour, martyr's palm branch, book, quill, sword[citation needed] |
Pancras of Taormina | depicted as an old man with yellowing grey hair, vested as a bishop, holding a cross in his right hand, and a Gospel book in his left[citation needed] |
Pancras | sword, martyr's palm[a] |
Pantaenus | lecturing from a pulpit[citation needed] |
Pantaleon | nailed hands[a] |
Paola Gambara Costa | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Paolo Manna | Priest's attire[citation needed] |
Paraskevi of Iconium | Robe of martyrdom, vessel of perfume, Eastern cross, scroll[citation needed] |
Pardus the Hermit | lion[citation needed] |
Paschal Baylón | Monstrance, Franciscan habit, standing before the Eucharist[citation needed] |
Patrick | cross, harp, serpent, baptismal font, demons, shamrock[a] |
Patroclus of Troyes | depicted as a warrior pointing to a fish with a pearl in its mouth[citation needed] |
Paul the Apostle | sword, book or scroll, horse, long, pointed beard, and balding backwards from forehead.[a] |
Paul VI | Papal vestments, Papal tiara, Pallium[citation needed] |
Paul Chong Hasang | Hanbok and gat, crucifix, palm of martyrdom[citation needed] |
Paul Miki | palm, cross, spear[citation needed] |
Paul of Taganrog | Monastic habit, Prosphora[citation needed] |
Paul of the Cross | Passionist habit, crucifix[citation needed] |
Paul of Thebes | Two lions, palm tree, raven[citation needed] |
Paula Montal Fornés | Religious habit[citation needed] |
Paula of Rome | Depicted as a Hieronymite abbess with a book, depicted as a pilgrim, often with Jerome and Eustochium, depicted prostrate before the cave at Bethlehem, depicted embarking in a ship, while a child calls from the shore, weeping over her children, with the instruments of the Passion, holding a scroll with Saint Jerome's epistle Cogite me Paula, with a book and a black veil fringed with gold, or with a sponge in her hand.[51] |
Pauline Mallinckrodt | Religious habit[citation needed] |
Pausicacus of Synada | Vested as a bishop[citation needed] |
Pedro Armengol | Mercedarian habit, Rope|Palm of martyrdom[citation needed] |
Pedro Calungsod | martyr's palm, spear, bolo, doctrina christiana book, rosary, christogram, crucifix[a] |
Pedro de Arbués | Religious habit, Palm, Sword[citation needed] |
Pelágio Sauter | Priest's attire[citation needed] |
Penitent thief | Wearing a loincloth and either holding his cross or being crucified, sometimes depicted in Paradise[citation needed] |
Pere Tarrés i Claret | Priest's cassock[citation needed] |
Peregrina Mogas Fontcuberta | Religious habit[citation needed] |
Peregrine (martyr) | Chi Rho on his chest, in a dungeon with the rack, the scourge, clubs or fire's flames[citation needed] |
Peregrine Laziosi | one leg covered in a cancerous sore, a staff[citation needed] |
Peregrine of Auxerre | converting pagans, overturning idols, founding Auxerre cathedral,[52] sometimes in the dress of a pilgrim in reference to his name (peregrinus means pilgrim in Latin), snake[53] |
Perpetuus | Depicted as a bishop directing the building of a church. Sometimes the sick may be shown being healed at his tomb or as his relics are carried in procession[citation needed] |
Petroc | Wolf, stag, church[citation needed] |
Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur | bell, Franciscan habit and the lance from the Shepherd's leap.[a] |
Petar Zimonjić | Vested as a bishop[citation needed] |
Peter and Fevronia of Murom | crown, sword, dove, scroll, white daisy, monastic habit[citation needed] |
Peter Chanel | Gentle, kind, encouraging[citation needed] |
Peter Damian | represented as a cardinal bearing a knotted rope in his hand, also as a pilgrim holding a papal Bull, Cardinal's hat, Benedictine habit[citation needed] |
Peter de Regalado | Flames bursting from his heart[citation needed] |
Peter Donders | Priest's attire[citation needed] |
Peter Fourier | Chaplet, pictures of the Virgin Mary[citation needed] |
Peter Friedhofen | Priest's attire[citation needed] |
Peter González | Dominican holding a blue candle or a candle with a blue flame, Dominican lying on his cloak which is spread over hot coals, Dominican holding fire in his bare hands, Dominican catching fish with his bare hands, Dominican beside the ocean, often holding or otherwise protecting a ship[citation needed] |
Peter Julian Eymard | Eucharist, Monstrance, Eucharistic Adoration, Eucharistic Congress, Cope, Humeral Veil, Congregation of the Blessed Sacrament, Servants of the Blessed Sacrament, Real Presence[citation needed] |
Peter of Alcántara | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Peter of Jesus Maldonado | priestly vestments, stole, palm, monstrance, Eucharist, Nocturnal Adoration pendant, Knight of Columbus pendant[citation needed] |
Peter of Krutitsy | Vested as a bishop, right hand raised in blessing[citation needed] |
Peter of Saint Joseph de Betancur | Holds a walking stick and bell. Occasionally it also represents a spear canary pastor.[54] |
Peter of Verona | Dominican with a hatchet in his head or a severe head wound, or writing the words "Credo in Deum" as he dies[citation needed] |
Peter the Aleut | portrayed as an Aleut youth, wearing a traditional gut parka[55] |
Peter the Wonderworker | Vested as a bishop, holding a Gospel Book, right hand raised in blessing, making the Christogram ICXC[citation needed] |
Peter To Rot | Martyr's palm, crucifix worn as a necklace, sometimes holding a globus cruciger[citation needed] |
Petronius of Bologna | Depicted as a bishop holding a model of Bologna in his hand[citation needed] |
Petronilla | broom and/or a set of keys, dolphin[a] |
Pharaildis | shown with a goose at her feet[56] |
Philip Benizi de Damiani | Habit of the Servite Order, Lily, book, papal tiara[citation needed] |
Philip II, Metropolitan of Moscow | Vested as a hierarch with omophorion, holding a Gospel Book, with his right hand raised in blessing. Iconographically, he is depicted with a medium-sized dark beard with flecks of grey[citation needed] |
Philip of Jesus | spear, palm branch, cross[citation needed] |
Philip the Apostle | Red Martyr, Elderly, bearded man, holding a basket of loaves and a Tau cross[citation needed] |
Philomena | Youth, palm of martyrdom, flower crown, orange or white robes, palm, arrows, anchor, sometimes a partially slit throat[citation needed] |
Philip Neri | white lily[a] |
Philomena | anchor, martyr's palm, crown of roses, arrows[a], holding white lilies[citation needed] |
Piatus of Tournai | holding top part of his skull[citation needed] |
Pierina Morosini | Martyr's palm, Lily flower, Rosary[citation needed] |
Pierre Bonhomme | Cassock[citation needed] |
Pierre Vigne | Crucifix, Staff[citation needed] |
Pierre-Adrien Toulorge | White habit, palm[citation needed] |
Pierre-François Jamet | Cassock, Legion of Honor[citation needed] |
Pierre-Joseph Cassant | Cassock, Trappist habit[citation needed] |
Pierre-René Rogue | Palm[citation needed] |
Pietro Bonilli | Cassock[citation needed] |
Pietro Casani | Priest's cassock, Crucifix[citation needed] |
Pietro Corradini | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Pietro Gambacorta | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Pietro Geremia | Dominican habit[citation needed] |
Pietro Pettinaio | Comb, finger on the lips for silence, Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Pino Puglisi | Priest's cassock[citation needed] |
Piotr Kosiba | Franciscan habit[citation needed] |
Pishoy | Monk carrying Jesus, Monk washing the feet of Jesus[citation needed] |
Pius V | Papal vestments, Papal tiara, Dominican habit[citation needed] |
Pius VII | Papal attire, Papal tiara, Benedictine habit[citation needed] |
Pius IX | Papal attire, Papal tiara[citation needed] |
Pius XII | Papal vestments, Papal tiara, Pectoral cross[citation needed] |
Pius of Saint Aloysius | Passionist habit[citation needed] |
Placide Viel | Religious habit[citation needed] |
Placidus | being rescued from drowning[citation needed] |
Poemen | hermit, ascetic[citation needed] |
Polycarp | Wearing the pallium, holding a book representing his Epistle to the Philippians[citation needed] |
Pompeia of Langoat | Queen holding a distaff, book at her feet[citation needed] |
Pompilio Maria Pirrotti | Priest's cassock, Crucifix[citation needed] |
Pontianus of Spoleto | young man holding a sword[citation needed] |
Porphyry of Gaza | vested as a bishop with omophorion, often holding a Gospel Book, with his right hand raised in blessing[citation needed] |
Potitus | martyr's palm[citation needed] |
Primus and Felician | As portrayed at their martyrdom: St Felician is nailed to a tree and St Primus is forced to swallow molten lead[citation needed] |
Princess Elisabeth of Hesse and by Rhine (1864–1918) | Religious habit[citation needed] |
Priscilla and Aquila | Crown of martyrdom, Martyr's palm, cross[citation needed] |
Procopius of Sázava | devil ploughing before him, depicted as an abbot with a book and whip, devil at his feet, with a stag (or hind) near him, with Saints Adelbert, Ludmila, and Vitus, hermit with a skull and a girdle of leaves[citation needed] |
Prosdocimus | Depicted as a bishop holding a jar. Sometimes he is shown with Saint Justina of Padua to whom he was a spiritual father according to a medieval source. He may be depicted wearing a Benedictine habit.[citation needed] |
Prosper of Reggio | Book, model of Reggio Emilia, episcopal dress[citation needed] |
Protus and Hyacinth | Depicted as two young men, holding the crowns of martyrdom[citation needed] |
Publius | Shown with a lion next to him[citation needed] |
Pudentiana | Oil lamp, laurel wreath (for Christ)[citation needed] |
See also
[edit]- Christian symbolism
- Arma Christi
- Animals in Christian art
- Plants in Christian iconography
- Degrees of martyrdom
Notes
[edit]- "List of saints". Catholic Online. Your Catholic Voice Foundation.
- Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Iconography". Christian Iconography.
- Rabenstein, Katherine (April 1999). "Saint of the Day Master Index". St. Patrick Catholic Church. Archived from the original on April 20, 2018.
References
[edit]- ^ This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain: Herbermann, Charles, ed. (1913). "Symbolism". Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
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- ^ Schäfer, Joachim. "Biographien: Idda von Toggenburg" (in German). Heiligen Lexikon. Retrieved May 27, 2021.
- ^ Dunbar, Agnes B.C. (1901). A Dictionary of Saintly Women. London: George Bell & Sons. pp. 413–414
- ^ d, d. "Isidore and Maria, Patron Saints of Farmers". d. National Catholic Rural Life Conference. Archived from the original on April 6, 2013. Retrieved April 6, 2013.
- ^ Santi e Beati "San Giacomo della Marca" [1](in Italian)
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il fiore di nardo indica San Giuseppe...Nella tradizione iconografica ispanica, infatti, San Giuseppe è raffigurato con un ramo di nardo in mano, translates as "the spikenard represents Saint Joseph...In the Hispanic iconographic tradition, in fact, St Joseph is depicted with a branch of spikenard in his hand"
- ^ Novaković, Stojan (1893). Први основи словенске књижевности међу балканским Словенима: Легенда о Владимиру и Косари (in Serbian). Belgrade: Serbian Royal Academy. p. 136.
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- ^ "CATHERINE, SAINT," in Encyclopaedia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 5, Slice 5, "Cat" to "Celt". July 23, 2010. Retrieved December 1, 2018 – via Project Gutenberg.
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- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Liborius". Christian Iconography.
- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Longinus". Christian Iconography.
- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Louis Bertrand". Christian Iconography.
- ^ "July 29". Saint of the Day.
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- ^ "Saint Martha". Saints.sqpn.com.
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- ^ Adler, Jerry; Lawler, Andrew. "How the Chicken Conquered the World". Smithsonian. Smithsonian Institution. Retrieved June 1, 2012.
- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Nicholas of Tolentino". Christian Iconography.
- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Nicholas Factor". Christian Iconography.
- ^ Huddleston, G (1911). "St. Ninian". The Catholic Encyclopedia. New York: Robert Appleton Company.
- ^ Dunbar, Agnes Baillie Cunninghame (1904). A Dictionary Of Saintly Women, Volume 2. London : Bell. p. 106.
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- ^ "Norbert von Xanten" (in German). Ökumenisches Heiligenlexikon.
- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Odile of Alsace: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.
- ^ "Saint Onuphrius". Patron Saints Index. August 4, 2008. Archived from the original on August 4, 2008.
- ^ Stracke, Richard (October 20, 2015). "Saint Onuphrius: The Iconography". Christian Iconography.
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- ^ "Sant' Oronzo (Oronzio)".
- ^ "St. Osith". Britannia.com. Archived from the original on July 9, 2011. Retrieved May 20, 2004.
- ^ "Saint of the Day | January 26: Paula of Rome". SaintPatrickDC.org. Archived from the original on January 23, 2011. Retrieved March 6, 2012.
- ^ "La cathédrale Saint-Etienne d'Auxerre - 2. Saint Pèlerin". Archived from the original on April 1, 2009.
- ^ "San Pellegrino d'Auxerre".
- ^ "Festividad de San Pedro de San José Betancur (Hermano Pedro), primer santo canario".
- ^ "Icon: St. Peter the Aleut". Creighton University.
- ^ Rabenstein, Katherine (March 1999). "Pharaïldis of Ghent". Saint of the Day, January 4. SaintPatrickDC.org. Retrieved March 5, 2012.