Sakhnin

Sakhnin סַחְ'נִין, סִכְנִין‎ سخنين
City (from 1995)
Hebrew transcription(s)
• ISO 259	Saḥnin, Saknin (Israeli pronunciation)
View of Sakhnin
Emblem of Sakhnin
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Coordinates: 32°52′N 35°18′E / 32.867°N 35.300°E / 32.867; 35.300
Grid position	177/252 PAL
Country	Israel
District	Northern
Founded	1500 BCE (as Sagone) 1995 (Israeli city)
Government
• Mayor	Mazen Ghnayim
Area
• Total	9,816 dunams (9.816 km2 or 3.790 sq mi)
Population  (2022)[1]
• Total	33,188
• Density	3,400/km2 (8,800/sq mi)
Name meaning	Sukhnin, from personal name,[2]

Sakhnin (Arabic: سخنين; Hebrew: סַחְ'נִין or סִכְנִין‎ Sikhnin) is an Arab city in Israel's Northern District. It is located in the Lower Galilee, about 23 kilometres (14 mi) east of Acre. Sakhnin was declared a city in 1995. In 2022 its population was 33,188,^[1] mostly Muslim with a sizable Christian minority.^{[citation needed]}

Sakhnin is built over three hills and is located in a valley surrounded by mountains, the highest one being 602 meters high. Its rural landscape is almost entirely covered by olive and fig groves as well as oregano and sesame shrubs.

Settlement at Sakhnin dates back 3,500 years to its first mention in 1479 BCE by Thutmose II, whose ancient Egyptian records mention it as a centre for production of indigo dye.

Sakhnin is situated on an ancient site, where remains from columns and cisterns have been found.^[3] It was mentioned as Sogane, a town fortified in 66, by Josephus.^[4] A cistern, excavated near the mosque in the old city centre, revealed pottery fragments dating from the 1st to the 5th century CE.^[5]

Haninah ben Teradion, who was arrested by the Roman authorities for heresy (minut),^[6] is said to have run a Torah academy there. It may be the village Kfar Sikhnin referred to in rabbinical accounts of the aftermath of the trial of Rabbi Eliezer ben Hyrcanus for heresy.^[7]

In 1961 Bellarmino Bagatti, during a visit to the village, was shown a tomb venerated by Christians, Jews and Muslims, which local tradition identified as that of James the Just. On returning to the village, he discovered that restoration had been undertaken and the site renamed the burial place of Rabbi Yehoshua of Sakhnin. Richard Bauckham has raised the possibility that the Yaakov of Sikhnin in accounts of rabbi Eliezer may be James the grandson of Jude.^[8]

In the Crusader era, it was known as Zecanin.^[9] In 1174 it was one of the casalia (villages) given to Phillipe le Rous.^[10] In 1236 descendants of Phillipe le Rous confirmed the sale of the fief of Saknin.^[11]

In 1596, Sakhnin appeared in Ottoman tax registers as being in the nahiya (subdistrict) of Akka (Acre), part of Safad Sanjak. It had a population of 66 households and 8 bachelors, all Muslim. The villagers paid a fixed tax rate of 20% on various agricultural products, including wheat, barley, olives, cotton, in addition to a water mill; a total of 12,138 akçe.^[12][13]

In 1838, Sakhnin was noted as a Muslim and Christian village in the Shaghur district, located between Safad, Acre and Tiberias.^[14] In 1859 the British Consul Rogers estimated the population to be 1,100, and the cultivated area 100 feddans,^[15] while in 1875 Victor Guérin found 700 inhabitants, both Muslims and Greek Orthodox Christians.^[16]

In 1881, the PEF's Survey of Western Palestine (SWP) described Sakhnin as follows: "A large village of stone and mud, amid fine olive-groves, with a small mosque. The water supply is from a large pool about half a mile to the south-east. The inhabitants are Moslems and Christians".^[17] A population list from about 1887 showed that Sakhnin had about 1,915 inhabitants; 1,640 Muslims, 150 Catholic Christians and 125 Greek Christians.^[18]

In the 1922 census of Palestine conducted by the British Mandate authorities, Sakhnin had a population of 1,575; 1,367 Muslims and 208 Christians;^[19] 87 Orthodox and 121 Greek Catholic (Melchite).^[20] The population increased in the 1931 census to a total of 1,891; 1,688 Muslims, 202 Christians, and 1 Jew, in a total of 400 houses.^[21]

In the 1945 statistics, Sakhnin had 2,600 inhabitants; 2310 Muslims and 290 Christians.^[22] The total jurisdiction of the village was 70,192 dunams of land.^[23] 3,622 dunams were used for plantations and irrigable land, 29,366 dunams for cereals,^[24] while 169 dunams were built-up (urban) land.^[25]

During the 1948 Arab-Israeli war, Sakhnin surrendered to Israeli forces on July 18, 1948, during Operation Dekel, but was re-captured by Arab forces shortly afterwards. It finally fell without battle during Operation Hiram, 29–31 October 1948. Many of the inhabitants fled north but some stayed and were not expelled by the Israeli soldiers.^[26] The town remained under martial law until 1966.

In 1976, it became the site of the first Land Day marches, in which six Israeli Arabs were killed by Israeli forces during violent protests of government expropriation of 5,000 acres (20 km²) of Arab-owned land near Sakhnin. Later that same year, three more civilians were killed during clashes with the police. Two natives of the city were killed in Jerusalem during the al-Aqsa Intifada in 2000.

The Israeli transcription of the Arabic toponym is an orthographic error, writing Sakhnas instead of Sakhnin.^[27]

In 2003, the town's football club, Bnei Sakhnin, became one of the first Arab teams to play in the Israeli Premier League, the top tier of Israeli football.^[28] The following year, the club won the State Cup, and was the first Arab team to do so; consequently, it participated in the UEFA Cup the following season, losing out to Newcastle United. The team received a new home with the 2005 opening of Doha Stadium, funded by the Israeli government and the Qatar National Olympic Committee, whose capital it is named after. The stadium has a capacity of 5,000.^[28]

Sakhnin is also the hometown of Abbas Suan, an Israeli international footballer who previously played for Bnei Sakhnin.^{[citation needed]} The town and their soccer team are the subject of the 2010 documentary film After The Cup: Sons of Sakhnin United^[29]

On 19 September 2008, Bnei Sakhnin played a game with the Spanish team Deportivo de La Coruña.^[30]

Sakhnin is home to two shrines:

A-Sheikh Siddiq (Arabic: النبي الصادق) is a shrine located in Sakhnin's historical core, close to the Christian cemetery. It features a Roman-period sarcophagus. The Arabs of Galilee, and the Bedouin of Arab el-Na'im in particular, used to conduct pilgrimages to the shrine in order to make vows and seek for health for themselves and their progeny. The residents of Sakhnin used to beg the saint's forgiveness whenever they went near it out of fear, especially at night. According to a local legend, a-Sheikh Siddiq fought both the Romans and pagans. He was burned by the Romans together with his daughters as he was holding a Torah book. Guerin also referenced another tradition, that claims a-Sheikh Siddiq was interred here next to his wife. Jewish tradition attributes this site to Rabbi Joshua of Sakhnin, an amora who lived in the village in the 4th century CE. Since the 13th century, the shrine has attracted Jewish and Muslim pilgrims alike.^[31]

A second shrine, a-Sheikh Ismai'l, is located in the Al-Khalaila clan cemetery in the heart of Sakhnin's western district. This location most likely refers to a local saint rather than the biblical and Quranic Isma'il. Residents of the village claim that one of them had a dream in which the sheikh complained that the sewage water was polluting his tomb. Then, to stop the pollution, this resident constructed a drainage. Every Friday, the women of the Al-Khalaila clan light candles in the tomb.^[31]

• Arab localities in Israel
• Masud Ghnaim
• Arab Museum of Contemporary Art and Heritage

• Sakhnin municipality site
• Welcome To Sakhnin
• Survey of Western Palestine, Map 5: IAA, Wikimedia commons
• 'Not quite Zurich' Eretz magazine