Third Lubbers cabinet

Third Lubbers cabinet Lubbers–Kok cabinet
Cabinet of the Netherlands
The installation of the Third Lubbers cabinet on 7 November 1989
Date formed	7 November 1989 (1989-11-07)
Date dissolved	22 August 1994 (1994-08-22) 4 years, 288 days in office (Demissionary from 10 May 1994 (1994-05-10))
People and organisations
Monarch	Queen Beatrix
Prime Minister	Ruud Lubbers
Deputy Prime Minister	Wim Kok
No. of ministers	14
Ministers removed	7
Total no. of members	19
Member party	Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) Labour Party (PvdA)
Status in legislature	Centrist Majority government (Grand coalition)
History
Election	1989 election
Outgoing election	1994 election
Legislature terms	1989–1994
Incoming formation	1989 formation
Outgoing formation	1994 formation
Predecessor	Second Lubbers cabinet
Successor	First Kok cabinet

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The Third Lubbers cabinet, also called the Lubbers–Kok cabinet, was the executive branch of the Dutch government from 7 November 1989 to 22 August 1994. The cabinet was formed the christian-democratic Christian Democratic Appeal (CDA) and the social-democratic Labour Party (PvdA) after the election of 1989. The cabinet was a centrist grand coalition and had a substantial majority in the House of Representatives with Christian-Democratic Leader Ruud Lubbers serving as Prime Minister. Labour Leader Wim Kok served as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Finance.

The cabinet served during the final years of the turbulent 1980s and the early years of the economic boom of the 1990s. Domestically it focused on revitalizing the economy, reducing the deficit, and stimulating further deregulation and privatization. It had to deal with the El Al Flight 1862 Crash. Internationally the signing of the Maastricht Treaty took place but also it had to deal with several crises such as the beginning of the Bosnian War. The cabinet suffered several major internal conflicts including multiple resignations, but completed its entire term and was succeeded by the First Kok cabinet following the 1994 election.^[1]

According to one study, “In a bid to placate the progressive wing of his party and to keep the Christian Democrats in the centre, Rudd Lubbers discarded the right-wing liberals (VVD) in 1989 as a coalition partner and invited the social democrats (PvdA) to partake in the third Lubbers cabinet (1989–1994).”^[2]

The cabinet was formed with a view to social reform. This was impossible because of the then bad shape of the Dutch economy, which made large reductions in government spending necessary. The reduction in spending on social care for disabled people led to demonstrations against the Dutch government in 1992. Many angry socialists left the Labour Party. The coalition lost heavily at the 1994 general election.

Several cabinet members returned after serving in previous cabinets: Minister of the Interior Ed van Thijn had served earlier in the same position from 1981 until 1982, Minister of Economic Affairs Koos Andriessen had served earlier in the same position from 1963 until 1965, Minister of Development Cooperation Jan Pronk had served earlier in the same position from 1973 until 1977 and State Secretary for Finance Marius van Amelsvoort had served earlier in the same position from 1980 until 1981.

On 18 September 1990 Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries Gerrit Braks (CDA) resigned after the Labour Party in the House of Representatives indicated that they had lost confidence in his ability to remain in office after strongly disagreeing in his animal welfare and fraud policy. Minister of Social Affairs and Employment Bert de Vries (CDA) served as acting Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries until 28 September 1990 when State Secretary for Economic Affairs Piet Bukman (CDA) was appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries. That same day Member of the House of Representatives Yvonne van Rooy (CDA), the former State Secretary for Economic Affairs was installed as his successor as State Secretary for Economic Affairs. That same day the function of State Secretary of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries was re-implemented, Mayor of Haaksbergen Dzsingisz Gabor (CDA) was sworn in and assigned the portfolios of environmental policy, nature policy and agricultural management.

On 3 January 1993 Minister for Foreign Affairs Hans van den Broek (CDA) resigned after he was appointed as European Commissioner for External Relations and Enlargement. That same day Pieter Kooijmans (CDA), a former State Secretary for Foreign Affairs who until then had been working as a professor of International law at Leiden University, was appointed as his successor.

On 1 June 1993 State Secretary for Defence Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst (CDA) resigned after he was appointed as Queen's Commissioner of Limburg. That same day Member of the House of Representatives Ton Frinking (CDA) succeed him.

On 5 June 1993 State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment Elske ter Veld (PvdA) resigned after gaining insufficient support from her own Labour Party in the House of Representatives for a new widow's pension act. On 9 June 1993 State Secretary for Education and Sciences Jacques Wallage (PvdA) was appointed as her successor. That same day Roel in 't Veld (PvdA), who until then had been working as a professor of Public administration at the Erasmus University Rotterdam was installed as his successor as State Secretary for Education and Sciences. On 19 June 1993 just 10 days after taking office Roel in 't Veld resigned after he was discredited due to additional positions he held when he was a professor. On 2 July 1993 Job Cohen (PvdA), who until then had been working as rector magnificus of the State University of Limburg and as a professor of Jurisprudence, was appointed as his successor.

On 10 January 1994 Minister of the Interior Ien Dales (PvdA) unexpectedly died from a heart attack at the age of 62. Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin (CDA) served as acting Minister of the Interior until 18 January 1994 when Mayor of Amsterdam Ed van Thijn (PvdA) was installed as Dales' successor.

On 26 February 1994 State Secretary for Welfare, Health and Culture Hans Simons (PvdA) resigned after he was appointed as a alderman in Rotterdam, but because the cabinet was already nearing the end of its term, he was not replaced.

On 27 May 1994 Minister of the Interior Ed van Thijn (PvdA) and Minister of Justice Ernst Hirsch Ballin (CDA) resigned over illegal interrogation techniques used by the police. They were succeeded by their State Secretaries, Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (CDA) became Minister of the Interior and Aad Kosto (PvdA) became Minister of Justice.

Due to the installment of a new European Parliament, several members resigned their functions to become members of this new parliament on 16 July 1994 and because the cabinet was already demissionary their portfolios were assigned to other ministers. The portfolio of Minister of Transport and Water Management was added to Minister of Economic Affairs Koos Andriessen (CDA), The portfolio of Minister of Welfare, Health and Culture was added to Minister of Education and Sciences Jo Ritzen (PvdA).

Ministers			Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
		Ruud Lubbers (1939–2018)	Prime Minister	General Affairs		4 November 1982 – 22 Augustus 1994 [Retained]	Christian Democratic Appeal
			Minister	Interior	• Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Affairs	7 November 1989 – 14 November 1989 [Ad Interim]
						27 May 1994 – 22 August 1994 [Acting]
		Wim Kok (1938–2018)	Deputy Prime Minister	Finance		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Labour Party
			Minister
		Ien Dales (1931–1994)	Minister	Interior		7 November 1989 – 10 January 1994 [Died]	Labour Party
		Dr. Ernst Hirsch Ballin (born 1950)				10 January 1994 – 18 January 1994 [Ad Interim]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Ed van Thijn (1934–2021)				18 January 1994 – 27 May 1994 [Res]	Labour Party
		Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (1930–2008)				27 May 1994 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Hans van den Broek (born 1936)	Minister	Foreign Affairs		4 November 1982 – 3 January 1993 [Retained] [App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Dr. Pieter Kooijmans (1933–2013)				3 January 1993 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Dr. Ernst Hirsch Ballin (born 1950)	Minister	Justice		7 November 1989 – 27 May 1994 [Res]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Aad Kosto (born 1938)				27 May 1994 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
		Dr. Koos Andriessen (1928–2019)	Minister	Economic Affairs		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Relus ter Beek (1944–2008)	Minister	Defence		7 November 1989 – 6 February 1991 [Note]	Labour Party
		Jan Pronk (born 1940)				6 February 1991 – 3 March 1991 [Acting]	Labour Party
		Relus ter Beek (1944–2008)				3 March 1991 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
		Hedy d'Ancona (born 1937)	Minister	Welfare, Health and Culture		7 November 1989 – 16 July 1994 [Res]	Labour Party
		Dr. Jo Ritzen (born 1945)				16 July 1994 – 22 August 1994 [Acting]	Labour Party
			Minister	Education and Sciences		7 November 1989 – 3 August 1998 [Continued]
		Dr. Bert de Vries (born 1938)	Minister	Social Affairs and Employment		7 November 1989 – 22 Augustus 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Hanja Maij-Weggen (born 1943)	Minister	Transport and Water Management		7 November 1989 – 16 July 1994 [Res]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Dr. Koos Andriessen (1928–2019)				16 July 1994 – 22 August 1994 [Acting]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Gerrit Braks (1933–2017)	Minister	Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries		4 November 1982 – 18 September 1990 [Retained] [Res]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Dr. Bert de Vries (born 1938)				18 September 1990 – 28 September 1990 [Ad Interim]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Piet Bukman (1934–2022)				28 September 1990 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Hans Alders (born 1952)	Minister	Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment		7 November 1989 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
Minister without portfolio			Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
		Jan Pronk (born 1940)	Minister	Foreign Affairs	• Development Cooperation	7 November 1989 – 3 August 1998 [Continued]	Labour Party
State Secretaries			Title/Ministry/Portfolio(s)			Term of office	Party
		Dieuwke de Graaff-Nauta (1930–2008)	State Secretary	Interior	• Municipalities • Emergency Services • Emergency Management • Regional Languages	14 July 1986 – 27 May 1994 [Retained] [App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Piet Dankert (1934–2003)	State Secretary [Title]	Foreign Affairs	• European Union • Benelux	7 November 1989 – 16 July 1994 [Res]	Labour Party
		Marius van Amelsvoort (1930–2006)	State Secretary	Finance	• Fiscal Policy • Tax and Customs • Governmental Budget	7 November 1989 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Aad Kosto (born 1938)	State Secretary	Justice	• Immigration and Asylum • Civil Law • Judicial Reform • Youth Justice • Penitentiaries	7 November 1989 – 27 May 1994 [App]	Labour Party
		Piet Bukman (1934–2022)	State Secretary [Title]	Economic Affairs	• Trade and Export • Regional Development • Consumer Protection • Tourism	7 November 1989 – 28 September 1990 [App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Yvonne van Rooy (born 1951)				28 September 1990 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Baron Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst (1944–2023)	State Secretary	Defence	• Human Resources • Equipment • Justice	7 November 1989 – 1 June 1993 [App]	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Lieutenant colonel Ton Frinking (1931–2022)				1 June 1993 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Hans Simons (1947–2019)	State Secretary	Welfare, Health and Culture	• Primary Healthcare • Elderly Care • Youth Care • Disability Policy	7 November 1989 – 26 February 1994 [Res]	Labour Party
		Elske ter Veld (1944–2017)	State Secretary	Social Affairs and Employment	• Social Services • Equality • Emancipation	7 November 1989 – 4 June 1993 [Res]	Labour Party
		Jacques Wallage (born 1946)				9 June 1993 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
		Jacques Wallage (born 1946)	State Secretary	Education and Sciences	• Primary Education • Secondary Education • Special Education	7 November 1989 – 9 June 1993 [App]	Labour Party
		Dr. Roel in 't Veld (born 1942)			• Secondary Education • Higher Education • Science Policy	9 June 1993 – 19 June 1993 [Res]	Labour Party
		Dr. Job Cohen (born 1947)			• Higher Education • Science Policy	2 July 1993 – 22 August 1994	Labour Party
		Dzsingisz Gabor (born 1940)	State Secretary	Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries	• Food Policy • Environmental Policy • Nature • Fisheries • Forestry • Animal Welfare • Recreation	28 September 1990 – 22 August 1994	Christian Democratic Appeal
		Enneüs Heerma (1944–1999)	State Secretary	Housing, Spatial Planning and the Environment	• Urban Planning • Public Housing • Spatial Planning	27 October 1986 – 22 August 1994 [Retained]	Christian Democratic Appeal

^Resigned

^{Retained from the previous cabinet}

^{Continued in the next cabinet}

^Acting

^{Ad Interim}

^{Died in Office}

^{Designated with the diplomatic rank of Minister}

^{Medical leave of absence from 6 February 1991 until 3 March 1991}

^{Resigned following election to the European Parliament}

^{Appointed as European Commissioner}

^{Appointed as Minister of the Interior}

^{Appointed as Minister of Justice}

^{Appointed as Minister of Agriculture, Nature and Fisheries}

^{Appointed as Queen's Commissioner of Limburg}

^{Appointed as State Secretary for Social Affairs and Employment}

• Seven cabinet members had previous experience as scholars and professors: Ernst Hirsch Ballin (Constitutional and Administrative Law), Pieter Kooijmans (International human rights Law), Koos Andriessen (Political Economics), Jo Ritzen (Public and Education Economics), Bert de Vries (Business Economics), Roel in 't Veld (Public Administration) and Job Cohen (Jurisprudence).
• Seven members (later) served as Mayors: Ien Dales (Nijmegen), Ed van Thijn, Enneüs Heerma and Job Cohen (Amsterdam), Gerrit Braks (Eindhoven), Jacques Wallage (Groningen) and Dzsingisz Gabor (Haaksbergen).
• Six cabinet members later served as in high-profile international functions: Ruud Lubbers (United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees), Hans van den Broek (European Commissioner), Pieter Kooijmans (Judge of the International Court of Justice), Jan Pronk (Special Representative of the United Nations), Piet Bukman (President of the European People's Party) and Piet Dankert (President of the European Parliament).
• Five cabinet members where of Jewish decent: Ernst Hirsch Ballin (German-Ashkenazi), Ed van Thijn (Dutch-Ashkenazi), Hedy d'Ancona (Italian-Sephardi), Jacques Wallage (English-Ashkenazi) and Job Cohen (German-Ashkenazi).
• Four cabinet members (later) served as Queen's Commissioners: Relus ter Beek (Drenthe), Hanja Maij-Weggen (Zeeland), Hans Alders (Groningen) and Berend-Jan van Voorst tot Voorst (Limburg).
• Four cabinet members would later be granted the honorary title of Minister of State: Ruud Lubbers (1995), Wim Kok (2002), Hans van den Broek (2005) and Pieter Kooijmans (2007).
• On appointment, Koos Andriessen had served as Minister of Economic Affairs 24 years and 207 days previously, in the Marijnen cabinet.
• Ruud Lubbers became the longest-serving Dutch Prime Minister with a total period in office of 11 years, 291 days.

Official

• (in Dutch) Kabinet-Lubbers III Parlement & Politiek
• (in Dutch) Kabinet-Lubbers III Rijksoverheid

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