Timelike homotopy

On a Lorentzian manifold, certain curves are distinguished as timelike. A timelike homotopy between two timelike curves is a homotopy such that each intermediate curve is timelike. No closed timelike curve (CTC) on a Lorentzian manifold is timelike homotopic to a point (that is, null timelike homotopic); such a manifold is therefore said to be multiply connected by timelike curves (or timelike multiply connected). A manifold such as the 3-sphere can be simply connected (by any type of curve), and at the same time be timelike multiply connected. Equivalence classes of timelike homotopic curves define their own fundamental group, as noted by Smith (1967). A smooth topological feature which prevents a CTC from being deformed to a point may be called a timelike topological feature.

• J. Wolfgang Smith (1960). "Fundamental groups on a Lorentz manifold". Amer. J. Math. 82 (4). The Johns Hopkins University Press: 873–890. doi:10.2307/2372946. hdl:2027/mdp.39015095257625. JSTOR 2372946. PMC 285022. PMID 16590583.

• André Avez (1963). "Essais de géométrie riemannienne hyperbolique globale. Applications à la relativité générale". Annales de l'Institut Fourier. 13 (2): 105–190. doi:10.5802/aif.144.

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