Timeline of North American telegraphy

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January 22, 1848 map in New York Herald showing extent of existing and planned North American telegraph lines. At this time, the service area for the United States reached Petersburg, Virginia in the south, Portland, Maine in the northeast, Cleveland, Ohio in the northwest, and as far west as East St. Louis, Illinois. In Canada, lines reached from Hamilton, Ontario to Quebec City, and linked to the United States via Buffalo, New York.

The timeline of North American telegraphy is a chronology of notable events in the history of the electric telegraphy in the United States and Canada, including the rapid spread of telegraphic communications starting from 1844 and completion of the first transcontinental telegraph line in 1861.

Timeline[edit]

Early events[edit]

The Speedwell Ironworks, site of Morse's 1838 telegraph demonstration.
Samuel Morse in 1845.
  • 1826-27:Harrison Gray Dyar successfully experiments with electrical telegraphy but abandons the pursuit.
  • 1836: David Alter of Pennsylvania develops a working electrical telegraph system, but never develops the idea into a practical system.
  • Jan 1837: Samuel Chester Reid proposes that the U.S. Congress fund an optical telegraph (semaphore line) from New York to New Orleans.[1]
  • Sept 1837: Morse employs Alfred Vail to improve his telegraph from demonstration purposes for a share of future patent rights.[1]
  • Sept 1837: Samuel Morse files for a patent for his electrical telegraph in the United States.[1]
  • 6 Jan 1838: Samuel Morse sends his first public demonstration message over two miles of wire at Speedwell Ironworks in New Jersey. Morse also demonstrates his invention to the Franklin Institute and President Martin Van Buren in early 1838.[1]
  • April 1838: Congressman Francis Ormand Jonathan Smith proposes to give $30,000 for Morse to build a line to demonstrate the telegraph, but the bill does not pass.[1]
  • 20 June 1840: Morse obtains patent.[1][2]
  • 1843
  • 3 March 1843: The United States Congress appropriates funds for Samuel Morse to lay a telegraph line from Washington, D.C. to Baltimore.[3]
  • 21 October 1843: Originally Morse decided to lay his wire underground, and asked Ezra Cornell to lay the line using a special cable-laying plow that Cornell had developed. Wire began to be laid in Baltimore on October 21, 1843, but the project was stopped after 15 km of wire was laid because the line was failing. Morse learned that Cooke and Wheatstone in England were now using poles for their lines, and he decided to follow that lead.[4]
  • 1844
  • 1 April 1844: Work begins in Washington on laying the line to Baltimore using poles. They used chestnut poles of seven meters in height, and 60 meters apart. Two wires were laid, Number 16 copper wire, covered by cotton thread with shellac, and a covering mixture of "beeswax, resin, linseed oil, and asphalt.".[4]
  • 1 May 1844: Test of line conveys news of the Whig Party's nomination of Henry Clay for U.S. President from the party's convention in Baltimore to the Capitol Building in Washington.
  • 24 May 1844: Morse's first message over the Baltimore-Washington telegraph line, "What hath God wrought!" is transmitted, chosen from the Bible for Morse by Annie G. Ellsworth, because she knew Morse was religious.[4]
  • Summer 1844: To generate interest in building a line from New York to Boston, Cornell strings short exhibition line in Boston, from School Street and over Old City Hall to Sudbury Street, which generates public interest, but no investors. Cornell then sets up a similar exhibition in New York.[5]

Spread of telegraphic lines[edit]

1845[edit]

The first telegraph office
November 14, 1845 report in New York Herald on telegraph lines coming into operation.
  • 1 April 1845: First public telegraph office opens in Washington, D.C., under the control of the Postmaster-General.[4] The public now had to pay for messages, which were no longer free.[5]
  • 15 May 1845: Morse forms the Magnetic Telegraph Company with Amos Kendall, Francis O.J. Smith, Ezra Cornell, and Orrin S. Wood, with a goal to extend the Washington-Baltimore line to New York.[4]
  • 16-18 September 1845: Orrin S. Wood builds a short telegraph line of about one mile from Utica, New York to the city fairgrounds (the site of that year's New York State Fair), for public demonstration.[6][7]
  • September 1845: Henry O'Reilly commences building line intended to extend from Philadelphia to St. Louis. Work on first segment begins in Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, heading east to Philadelphia.[8]
  • October 1845: Samuel Colt partners with William Robinson (a New York book dealer) to form the New York and Offing Electric Telegraph Association. A line is laid from an observation tower built on Coney Island to Manhattan to get news from shipping traffic to the New York Mercantile Exchange more quickly. The first line laid across the East River from Brooklyn by Colt on October 23 or 24 quickly fails. The northern terminus of the line becomes the Fulton Ferry in Brooklyn, with news then ferried across the river. A second line across the East River at Hell Gate was operational by March 1846.[5][9][10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]
  • 7 November 1845: Wood builds a line from Buffalo, New York to Lockport, New York (about 30 miles) that goes into operation on November 7 - the first line opened for regular commercial business. The first message announced the electoral victory of the Whigs in Niagara County.[18][19][20][21][22][6][23]
  • November 1845: November 14, 1845 New York Herald notes another short planned line, the "Boston Marine Line", which, similar to the New York Offing Line would be a line from Nantasket outside Boston to inner Boston to transmit news from incoming ships.[24] In a letter to the Herald dated February 23, 1846, Ezra Cornell noted that the Boston line had not yet been put into operation.[25]
  • 24 November 1845: Line from Lancaster, Pennsylvania to Harrisburg, Pennsylvania (about 35 miles) is completed, but not operational until January 8, 1846.[26][27]
  • November 1845: In the fall of 1845, the Magnetic Telegraph Company commences building a line from Philadelphia to New York. By early November, a 14 mile segment from Philadelphia to Norristown, Pennsylvania had been laid, and opened due to great public interest in the work.[5]
Map shows extent of operational lines by the end of 1846. At the start of the year, there were only four short lines in operation: the original Baltimore-D.C. line, the Buffalo-Lockport line, a short stretch in Philadelphia, and the New York-Coney Island line. By year's end, lines ran from Washington to Boston, west to Pittsburgh, and north from New York City to Albany and west to Buffalo. Rapid expansion was continuing.

1846[edit]

1847[edit]

1848[edit]

1849[edit]

1850s[edit]

Spread to continental and intercontinental service[edit]

  • 1858
  • 1859
  • 1860
Depiction of the construction of the first Transcontinental Telegraph, with a Pony Express rider passing below.
  • 1861
  • March 1861: The Pony Express reduces it route from Salt Lake City, Utah to Sacramento, California.
  • 4 July 1861: Work to complete the first transcontinental telegraph begins, with James Gamble in charges of the western crew starting in Nevada, and Edward Creighton heading the eastern crew.
  • 20 July 1861: In the west, a California newspaper reports that line has now reached fifty miles east of Fort Churchill (in Nevada). The State Telegraph Company was sending one of their best operators to the eastern end so that news from the Pony Express could be immediately transmitted, and this plan would continue as the line advanced east. The portion of the line to be constructed west from Salt Lake City was starting to haul poles along the route and waiting arrival of wire from the East. In the East, the paper reported that wire should be up to Julesburg (now far northeast Colorado), two hundred miles west of Kearney, Nebraska by August 1.[101]
  • 25 July 1861: In west, transcontinental line reaches Middle Gate Station on the Pony Express line, 75 miles east of Fort Churchill.[102]
  • 5 August 1861: A team laying wire reaches Fort Laramie from the east.[103]
  • 21 August 1861: California newspaper reports that its latest news from the Pony Express came from the Willow telegraph station 50 miles west of Fort Kearney, and then traveled by horse to the Dry Creek station, 168 miles east of Fort Churchill. The total gap between ends of the line was now about 1,159 miles, not counting the unconnected section under construction from Salt Lake.[104]
  • 17 September 1861: In west, telegraph line is operational to Diamond Springs (Nevada) station on Pony Express. Messages from San Francisco can now reach New York in six days.[105]
  • 20 September 1861: Eastern line operational to a point 120 miles west of Fort Kearney.[106]
  • 28 September 1861: California newspaper reports that line from Fort Kearney, Nebraska has reached about 200 miles west to Julesburg. Another eastern work team has reached 300 miles east from Salt Lake City, only about 200 miles west of Julesburg. In the west, the line has been completed to Ruby Valley (now Nevada, then Utah Territory), somewhat over 200 miles to reach Salt Lake. (The distances reported in the article are not exact.) The total gap in telegraphic connection between west and east is now about 550 miles, which the Pony Express can normally cover in less than four days.[107]
  • 2 October 1861: Newspaper report shows eastern line now operating through Sweetwater Station (near Independence Rock in Wyoming).[108]
  • 17 October 1861: A link between line headed east from Salt Lake City is joined to the eastern line at Fort Bridger. Creighton telegraphs his wife "in a few days the two oceans will be united."[109]
  • 18 October 1861: Brigham Young sends first official telegraph message from Salt Lake City to the eastern United States. It is sent to Jeptha Wade, the president of the Pacific Telegraph Company. On the same day, Frank Fuller, acting governor of Utah, sent a message to President Lincoln.[110]
  • 24 October 1861: The first transcontinental telegraph across the United States is completed at Salt Lake City, Utah, causing the Pony Express to close two days later.
  • 10 October 1863: Line opens to Denver, Colorado.[111]
  • March 1864: Service from San Francisco reaches north to Portland, Oregon.[112]
  • 25 October 1864: Service reaches north to Seattle, Washington.[112][113]
  • 1865: International Telecommunication Union is formed
  • 18 July 1866: A new transatlantic telegraph cable between North America and Europe is successfully completed.
  • 1870: Telegraph lines from Britain are connected to India.
  • 20 November 1871: Service to Winnipeg opens.[114]
  • 1871: Practical duplex telegraphy system, allowing two messages to be sent over wire at the same time, one in each direction.
  • 1872: Dallas, Texas reached by telegraph line.[115]
  • October 1872: Australia is linked to the world system by a submarine telegraph line between Darwin and the Dutch East Indies (Indonesia).
  • 1874: Thomas Edison sells his invention of quadruplex telegraph to Western Union for $10,000. It allows a total of four separate signals to be transmitted and received on a single wire at the same time (two signals in each direction.)
  • October 1902: The first trans-Pacific line links Brisbane, Australia to Vancouver, Canada (via Fiji and Norfolk Island).[116]

End of telegraph era[edit]

See also[edit]

References[edit]

  1. ^ a b c d e f g Hochfelder, David. The Telegraph in America, 1832–1920, p. 182 (2012)
  2. ^ Lester, C. Edwards. Our First Hundred Years: The Life of the Republic of the United States of America, p. 324 (1877)
  3. ^ a b Samuel F. B. Morse Papers at the Library of Congress, 1793 to 1919 - 1840-1872, Retrieved 7 April 2017
  4. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k Huurdeman, Anton A. The Worldwide History of Telecommunications, p. 61 (2003)
  5. ^ a b c d e f g Harlow, Alvin F. Old Wires and New Waves, p. 105-06 (Summer 1844 Boston line), p. 111 (Philadelphia to Norristown), 114 (Boston to Lowell) (1936), 172 (Coney Island line)
  6. ^ a b c d e f g Reid, James D. The Telegraph in America: Its Founders, Promoters, and Noted Men, p. 302 (1879)
  7. ^ Gifford, S.B. (16 April 1901). Early Days of the Telegraph, Telegraph Age, pp. 165, 357
  8. ^ a b Branch, E. Douglas. The Coming of the Telegraph to Western Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania History vol. 5, no. 1, January 1938
  9. ^ Chapin, Charles L. Personal Recollections of the Early Days of the Telegraph, The Manufacturer and Builder (September 1890)
  10. ^ a b Lifshitz, Kenneth B. Makers of the Telegraph: Samuel Morse, Ezra Cornell and Joseph Henry, pp. 245-46 (2017)
  11. ^ (6 November 1845). L.I. Telegraph, New York Herald, p. 2, col. 6.
  12. ^ (27 October 1845). Electric Telegraph, American Republican
  13. ^ (30 May 1936). Telegraph, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, p. A86 (p 115 scan)
  14. ^ (24 October 1845). The Offing Telegraph, New York Herald (reports that Colt succeeded in laying pipe across the river on the prior day, October 23)
  15. ^ Brooklyn Affairs, New York Daily Tribune, p. 2, col. 6 ("Mr. Colt has abandoned his project of carrying the Offing Telegraph Wire across the bottom of the river, and it will not be carried over on poles from Fulton Ferry.")
  16. ^ (9 April 1846). [1], New York Herald, p. 4, col. 6 bottom third (advertising new crossing of East River at Hell Gate)
  17. ^ (26 October 1941). Brooklyn One of the First Cities in World to Use Telegraph, Brooklyn Eagle p. 8F (pdf p. 70)
  18. ^ Buffalo, N.Y., Local No. 41, Commercial Telegraphers' Journal (June 1910, Vol. 8, No. 6), p. 189.
  19. ^ Scientific American (November 27, 1845), Vol. I, No. 11, p. 2, col. 5 near bottom ("Since the Telegraph from Buffalo to Lockport has been in operation the Lockport papers published western news twelve hours in advance of the mail.")
  20. ^ The Magnetic Telegraph, Scientific American (December 18, 1845), Vol. I, No.1 14, p. 3, col. 4 (anecdotes about early use of Buffalo-Lockport line)
  21. ^ (10 November 1845). The Telegraph between ..., New York Daily Tribune (reporting that line between Lockport and Buffalo "was put in operation yesterday afternoon ..." as reported in the Buffalo Commercial Advertiser on unlisted date)
  22. ^ (18 November 1845). Magnetic Telegraph - Buffalo and Lockport, p. 1, col. 6 (reprint from November 15 Buffalo Advertiser about breaks in wire and poles being sawed down)
  23. ^ Buffalo Telegraphic History, Commercial Telegraphers' Journal, p. 189 (June 1910)
  24. ^ (4 December 1845). [2], New-York Daily Tribune, col. 3, near bottom ("The Magnetic Telegraph of Messrs. Hudson & Smith, from Nantasket Head to the Merchants' Exchange, is now nearly completed, and will be put in immediate operation.")
  25. ^ Magnetic Telegraph, New York Herald, p. 1, col 5.
  26. ^ a b c d e f g Calvert, J.B., The Electromagnetic Telegraph, last revised 26 December 2008)
  27. ^ Wilson, William Bender. From the Hudson to the Ohio, p. 32 (1902)
  28. ^ [3], Telegraphic Historical Society, p. 118 ("rascals")
  29. ^ a b c The Magnetic Telegraph Office At Harrisburg, Notes and Queries (1894)
  30. ^ Schwarzlose, Richard Allen. The Nation's Newsbrokers: The formative years, from pretelegraph to 1865, p. 44 (1989)
  31. ^ a b c d e f g Schwarzlose, Richard A. Early Telegraphic News Dispatches (1973), p. 6.
  32. ^ History of Philadelphia, 1609-1884, Volume 3, p. 2131 (1884)
  33. ^ Scientific American (12 February 1846), p. 2 (reporting on Albany-Utica and Philadelphia-Newark, and delay to New York due to Hudson River)
  34. ^ Scientific American (February 5, 1846), p. 2 col. 5 ("We are informed that the Telegraph between Albany and Utica is finished and has commenced operations. Several other lines are progressing.")
  35. ^ 14 February 1846. Magnetic Telegraph - Annihilation of Time and Space, New York Herald (note that February 19 letter to editor clarifies there is no Boston to Nantucket line - it is to Nastasket)
  36. ^ a b c Transactions of the Oneida Historical Society at Utica, Volumes 1-5, p. 157 (1881)
  37. ^ (23 March 1846) "The Mystic Meshes" of the Union-Magnetic Telegraph, New York Herald
  38. ^ Schartf, J. Thomas. History of Delaware : 1609-1888, Vol. II, p. 658 (1888)
  39. ^ Lee, Alfred McClung. The Daily Newspaper In America, p. 495 (1937)
  40. ^ a b History of the Telegraph, History Wired (Smithsonian Institution), Retrieved 16 February 2015
  41. ^ "The" Magnetic Telegraph Company - Anniversary of its Lone, American Telegraph Magazine (April–May–June 1853)
  42. ^ (3 July 1846). Another link in the chain, Geneva Daily Gazette, p. 2, col. 5
  43. ^ (27 June 1846). 'Lightning lines' in the United States, Brooklyn Daily Eagle, p. 1, col. 1 (list of lines and status)
  44. ^ Weise, A.J. History of the City of Troy, p. 199 (1876)
  45. ^ (30 July 1846). Note, Brooklyn Eagle, p. 2, col 3 ("The telegraph between Troy and Saratoga, went into operation on Friday last.")
  46. ^ (20 July 1846). Telegraph from Ithaca to Auburn, New York Herald
  47. ^ (30 September 1846). Editorial Miscellany, Northern Christian Advocate (Auburn, New York), p. 107, col.1 ("The Magnetic Telegraph from Auburn to Ithaca got into successful operation on the 16th inst.")
  48. ^ (2 December 1846). Note, p. 2, col. 1, New York Post ("The telegraph wires have been extended from Ithaca to Elmira.")
  49. ^ Janowski, Diane (24 April 2015). Elmira telegraphs, telephones, took time, Elmira Star-Gazette
  50. ^ a b Babe, Robert E. Telecommunications in Canada: Technology, Industry, and Government, p. 38 (1990)
  51. ^ a b Nova Scotia's Telegraphs, Landlines And Cables, Acadian (1938)
  52. ^ (31 July 1847). Magnetic Telegraph (ad), Weekly National Intelligencer, col. 6.
  53. ^ Magnetic Telegraph, Banker's Magazine and State Financial Register (June 1847), p. 731 (list of lines in operation as of April 1, 1847)
  54. ^ (22 April 1847). First (and welcome) Bulletin by the Magnetic Telegraph from the South, The Daily Union (Washington, D.C.), p. 3, col. 2
  55. ^ (23 April 1847). Note, Richmond Enquirer
  56. ^ History of Berks County in Pennsylvania, Volume 1, p. 473 (1886)
  57. ^ Publications of the Historical Society of Schuylkill County, Volume 4, p. 6 (1912)
  58. ^ a b c d The Telegraph in American and Morse Memorial
  59. ^ (27 July 1847). Lightning Despatch, Richmond Enquirer
  60. ^ a b c d e f Scharf, J. Thomas. History of Saint Louis City and County, Vol. 2, pp. 1424 et seq. (1883)
  61. ^ TELEGRAPHY AND TELEPHONES - The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History, Retrieved 5 April 2017
  62. ^ a b c d Scharf, J. Thomas History of Baltimore City and County, p. 507 (1881)
  63. ^ Early Dayton, p. 193 (1896)
  64. ^ A Sketch of our Telegraph System, p. 3 (1883)
  65. ^ (13 October 1847). By Telegraph, Broome Republican, p. 2, col 6 ("Our first report by telegraph came through yesterday at 3'clock ....")
  66. ^ (1 August 1847). Binghamton Telegraph, Broome Republican, p. 2, col. 3.
  67. ^ (6 October 1847). Note ("The telegraph wires, we understand, are all up [to Binghamton] ..."), Broome Republican
  68. ^ (30 November 1847). Telegraphic, Tri-Weekly Journal (Evansville, Indiana)
  69. ^ Harrison, Jon (29 November 2016). November 29, 1847 : Michigan's First Telegraph Line Completed, MSU Libraries
  70. ^ a b c d Cotterill, R.S. The Telegraph in the South, 1845-1850, The South Atlantic Quarterly, Volume 16 (1917)
  71. ^ Nelson's Biographical Dictionary, p. 484 (1896)
  72. ^ Hoyt, Homer. One Hundred Years of Land Values in Chicago, 53 (1933)
  73. ^ (22 January 1848). First Despatches by Magnetic Telegraph From and to Fayetteville, The North-Carolinian
  74. ^ Goodspeed, Weston A. The History of Cook County, Illinois, p. 134 (2017)
  75. ^ Thompson, Zadock. History of Vermont, p. 63 (1853)
  76. ^ Detroit in History and Commerce, p. 153 (1891)
  77. ^ History of the Board of Trade of the city of Chicago, Volume 1, Part 1, p. 135 (1917)
  78. ^ Williamson, Joseph. History of the City of Belfast in the State of Maine, p. 595 (1877)
  79. ^ (5 January 1849). The Electric Telegraph, Weekly Chronicle (Saint John)
  80. ^ Blondheim. News Over the Wires, p. 81 (1994)
  81. ^ Georgia History Timeline / Chronology 1849, Retrieved 24 April 2017
  82. ^ Watson, Alan D. Wilmington, North Carolina, to 1861, p. 175 (2016)
  83. ^ a b Telegraph service, Texas State Historical Association Handbook, Retrieved 17 April 2017
  84. ^ a b Terry, John (22 October 2011). First delivery of news to Oregon by telegraph was news in itself, The Oregonian
  85. ^ Transatlantic Telegraph - Cabot Strait Telegraph Cable 1856, newscotland1398.net, Retrieved 23 January 2019
  86. ^ (28 May 1859). Boarding European Steamers Off Cape Race, Daily Press (Cincinnati, Ohio) (from Boston Traveler)
  87. ^ (20 September 1860). Advantage of the Cape Race News Enterprise of the Press, New York Herald
  88. ^ (7 August 1858). Northern Telegraph Line, Shasta Courier
  89. ^ (4 September 1858). Another Cable Triumph, Richmond Daily Dispatch
  90. ^ a b Gale, George. Upper Mississippi Or Historical Sketches, p. 445 (1867)
  91. ^ a b (10 November 1861). History of the Pacific Telegraph, Marysville Daily Appeal
  92. ^ (30 November 1858). The Telegraph Finished to Genoa - First Telegram from that place, Daily Alta California
  93. ^ Whitney, Carrie Westlake. Kansas City, Missouri: Its History and Its People 1808-1908, Volume 1, p. 145 (1908)
  94. ^ History of Atchison County, Kansas, p. 183 (1916)
  95. ^ Brownville history, Retrieved 24 April 2017
  96. ^ a b Blegen, Anne H. The Early History of the Telegraph in Minnesota, Minnesota History 8 (June 1927)
  97. ^ (8 October 1860). Arrival of Immigration and Stock at Miller's Station - Exteension of the Telegraph, Sacramento Daily Union (reporting that easternmost telegraph station will move from Miller's Station to Fort Churchill, 20 miles east, the next week)
  98. ^ Morton, J. Sterling et al. History of Nebraska, p. 84 (Rev. ed. 1918)
  99. ^ (1 November 1860). Telegraph to Ft. Kearny, Nebraska Advertiser (Brownville, Nebraska)
  100. ^ (2 November 1860). From the Plains, Chicago Tribune
  101. ^ (14 August 1861). Progress of the Pacific Telegraph, New York Herald (reprinted from The Alta California)
  102. ^ (27 July 1861). Extension of the Telegraph, Daily Alta California
  103. ^ Fort Laramie, Retrieved 24 April 2017
  104. ^ (21 August 1861). Progress of the Overland Telegraph, Daily National Democrat (Marysville, California), p. 2, col. 3.
  105. ^ (18 September 1861). Extension of the Overland Telegraph - Dispatches Overtake the Pony, Daily Alta California
  106. ^ (23 September 1861). From California, Washington Evening Star, p. 3, col. 4 near bottom
  107. ^ (28 September 1861). The Overland Telegraph Line - Four Days to New York, Daily Alta California
  108. ^ (10 October 1861). Note, Smoky Hill and Republican Union (Junction City, Kansas)
  109. ^ Mullens, Patrick A. Creighton: Biographical Sketches ..., p. 18 (1901)
  110. ^ Spencer, D.S. Utah and Telegraphy, in Utah Genealogical and Historical Magazine (October 1910), pp. 167-69.
  111. ^ Telecommunications History Group, Retrieved 6 April 2017
  112. ^ a b Lange, Greg (4 November 1998). Telegraph line reaches Seattle on October 25, 1864, Historylink.org, Retrieved 14 January 2019
  113. ^ Banel, Feliks (18 October 2017). 'Victorian Internet' hits Seattle October 1864, MYNorthwest
  114. ^ (20 November 1871). Today in History, Winnipeg Free Press
  115. ^ Communications in Dallas, Texas Historical Markers
  116. ^ Australia and the global telegraph network 1854-1902 Archived 2011-07-06 at the Wayback Machine, Museum Victoria, Accessed 16 February 2015
  117. ^ Freierman, Shelley. Telegram Falls Silent Stop Era Ends Stop, The New York Times
  118. ^ "No farewell to telegram in Goa as BSNL takes day off". The Times of India. 15 July 2013. Retrieved 15 July 2013.
  119. ^ "World's last telegram to be sent next month". USA Today. 15 June 2013. Retrieved 14 July 2013.
  120. ^ Jeelani, Mehboob (18 June 2013). Twilight of India's Telegram Operators, The New York Times
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