انتگرال سطحی

${\displaystyle \int _{S}f\,dS=\iint _{T}f(\mathbf {x} (s,t))\left|{\partial \mathbf {x} \over \partial s}\times {\partial \mathbf {x} \over \partial t}\right|ds\,dt}$

${\displaystyle A=\int _{S}\,dS=\iint _{T}\left\|{\partial \mathbf {r} \over \partial x}\times {\partial \mathbf {r} \over \partial y}\right\|dx\,dy}$

${\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}A&{}=\iint _{T}\left\|\left(1,0,{\partial f \over \partial x}\right)\times \left(0,1,{\partial f \over \partial y}\right)\right\|dx\,dy\\&{}=\iint _{T}\left\|\left(-{\partial f \over \partial x},-{\partial f \over \partial y},1\right)\right\|dx\,dy\\&{}=\iint _{T}{\sqrt {\left({\partial f \over \partial x}\right)^{2}+\left({\partial f \over \partial y}\right)^{2}+1}}\,\,dx\,dy\end{aligned}}}$

${\displaystyle \int _{S}{\mathbf {v} }\cdot \,d{\mathbf {S} }=\int _{S}{\mathbf {v} }\cdot {\mathbf {n} }\,dS=\iint _{T}{\mathbf {v} }(\mathbf {x} (s,t))\cdot \left({\partial \mathbf {x} \over \partial s}\times {\partial \mathbf {x} \over \partial t}\right)ds\,dt}$