1996 Australian Senate election
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40 of the 76 seats in the Australian Senate 39 seats needed for a majority | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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Senators elected in the 1996 federal election | ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
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1996 Australian federal election |
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National results |
State and territory results |
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The following tables show state-by-state results in the Australian Senate at the 1996 federal election. Senators total 35 coalition (31 Liberal, three coalition National, one CLP), 29 Labor, two Green, two non-coalition National, seven Democrats, and one Independent.[1][2][3] Senator terms are six years (three for territories), and took their seats from 1 July 1996, except the territories who took their seats immediately.
Australia[edit]
Party | Votes | % | Swing | Seats won | Seats held | Change | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Liberal–National joint ticket | 2,669,377 | 24.49 | +0.09 | 6 | N/A | |||
Liberal | 1,770,486 | 16.24 | +0.65 | 12 | 31 | 2 | ||
National | 312,769 | 2.87 | +0.15 | 1 | 5 | 1 | ||
Country Liberal | 40,050 | 0.37 | +0.04 | 1 | 1 | |||
Liberal–National coalition | 4,792,682 | 43.97 | +0.92 | 20 | 37 | 1 | ||
Labor | 3,940,150 | 36.15 | −7.35 | 14 | 29 | 1 | ||
Democrats | 1,179,357 | 10.82 | +5.51 | 5 | 7 | |||
Greens [a] | 345,513 | 3.17 | +0.67 | 1 | 2 | |||
Against Further Immigration | 137,604 | 1.26 | +0.82 | |||||
Call to Australia | 117,274 | 1.08 | +0.25 | |||||
Shooters | 114,724 | 1.05 | +0.45 | |||||
Women's Party | 49,131 | 0.45 | +0.45 | |||||
Reclaim Australia | 44,545 | 0.41 | +0.41 | |||||
Democratic Labor | 36,156 | 0.33 | −0.03 | |||||
Better Future | 18,960 | 0.17 | +0.17 | |||||
Natural Law | 17,082 | 0.16 | −0.20 | |||||
No Aircraft Noise | 17,043 | 0.16 | −0.20 | |||||
Grey Power | 13,401 | 0.12 | −0.04 | |||||
Pensioner and CIR | 9,040 | 0.08 | −0.13 | |||||
The Seniors | 8,268 | 0.08 | +0.08 | |||||
Republican | 7,778 | 0.07 | −0.06 | |||||
One Australia | 3,638 | 0.03 | +0.03 | |||||
Indigenous Peoples | 2,772 | 0.03 | −0.03 | |||||
Independent EFF | 2,430 | 0.02 | +0.02 | |||||
Independents [b] | 41,489 | 0.38 | −1.99 | 0 | 1 | |||
Total | 10,899,037 | 40 | 76 | |||||
Invalid/blank votes | 395,442 | 3.5 | ||||||
Turnout | 11,294,479 | 96.2 | ||||||
Registered voters | 11,740,568 | |||||||
Source: Federal Elections 1996 |
New South Wales[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Bob Woods | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | Sue West | Labor | |
1996 | 3 | David Brownhill | National | |
1996 | 4 | Bruce Childs | Labor | |
1996 | 5 | Helen Coonan | Liberal | |
1996 | 6 | Vicki Bourne | Democrats | |
1993 | ||||
1993 | 1 | Michael Forshaw | Labor | |
1993 | 2 | Michael Baume | Liberal | |
1993 | 3 | John Faulkner | Labor | |
1993 | 4 | John Tierney | Liberal | |
1993 | 5 | Belinda Neal | Labor | |
1993 | 6 | Sandy Macdonald | National |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 526,041 | ||||
Coalition | 1. Bob Woods (Lib) (elected 1) 2. David Brownhill (Nat) (elected 3) 3. Helen Coonan (Lib) (elected 5) 4. Abraham Constantin (Lib) | 1,522,722 | 41.3 | +2.4 | |
Labor | 1. Sue West (elected 2) 2. Bruce Childs (elected 4) 3. Tom Wheelwright 4. Rima Barghout | 1,370,918 | 37.2 | -9.2 | |
Democrats | 1. Vicki Bourne (elected 6) 2. Arthur Chesterfield-Evans 3. Andrew Larcos 4. Troy Anderson | 351,491 | 9.5 | +4.6 | |
Greens | 1. Karla Sperling 2. Peter Denton 3. Jane Elix 4. Murray Matson | 85,004 | 2.3 | +0.2 | |
Shooters | 1. Richard Sims 2. Robyn Bourke 3. Daniel Redfern 4. Rodney Franich | 74,032 | 2.0 | +0.2 | |
Call to Australia | 1. Alasdair Webster 2. Elaine Webster 3. Graeme McLennan 4. Bill Bird 5. Bruce Coleman | 72,969 | 2.0 | +0.5 | |
Against Further Immigration | 1. John Phillips 2. Bevan O'Regan | 61,811 | 1.7 | +1.0 | |
Reclaim Australia | 1. David Kitson 2. Carolyn O'Callaghan | 44,545 | 1.2 | +1.2 | |
ABFFOC | 1. Teresa Findlay-Barnes 2. David Tribe | 18,960 | 0.5 | +0.5 | |
Women's Party | 1. Darelle Duncan 2. Sarah Thew | 17,417 | 0.5 | +0.5 | |
No Aircraft Noise | 1. Chris Nash 2. Sylvia Hale | 17,043 | 0.5 | +0.5 | |
The Seniors | 1. Beryl Evans 2. Lorraine Welsh | 8,268 | 0.2 | +0.2 | |
Grey Power | 1. John Verheyen 2. Theo Hetterscheid 3. Bob Segerstrom 4. Olga Pickering | 5,173 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Independent | Jade Hurley | 4,765 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Natural Law | 1. Catherine Knoles 2. Ines Judd | 3,702 | 0.1 | -0.2 | |
Group I | 1. Robert Schollbach 2. Amanda Stirling | 3,632 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Republican | 1. Peter Breen 2. Kerry McNally 3. Valerie Housego 4. Assefa Bekele 5. Antoinette Fahey | 2,846 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Group K | 1. Tony Galati 2. Sam Galati | 1,128 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Group M | 1. Robert Butler 2. Lindsay Cosgrove | 657 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Morris Jones | 485 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Dian Underwood | 433 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Bill Bradley | 383 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Gretel Pinniger | 382 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Ray Patterson | 295 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Ivor F | 210 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | John Barbara | 57 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | David Piggin | 31 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Total formal votes | 3,682,283 | 96.2 | -1.1 | ||
Informal votes | 143,388 | 3.8 | +1.1 | ||
Turnout | 3,825,671 | 96.7 | +0.2 |
Victoria[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Richard Alston | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | Robert Ray | Labor | |
1996 | 3 | Rod Kemp | Liberal | |
1996 | 4 | Barney Cooney | Labor | |
1996 | 5 | Kay Patterson | Liberal | |
1996 | 6 | Lyn Allison | Democrats | |
1993 | ||||
1993 | 1 | Stephen Conroy | Labor | |
1993 | 2 | Jim Short | Liberal | |
1993 | 3 | Kim Carr | Labor | |
1993 | 4 | Julian McGauran | National | |
1993 | 5 | Jacinta Collins | Labor | |
1993 | 6 | Judith Troeth | Liberal |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 395,356 | ||||
Coalition | 1. Richard Alston (Lib) (elected 1) 2. Rod Kemp (Lib) (elected 3) 3. Kay Patterson (Lib) (elected 5) 4. Robert Ettery (Nat) 5. Robyne Head (Lib) 6. Anthony Fernandez (Lib) | 1,146,655 | 41.4 | -2.7 | |
Labor | 1. Robert Ray (elected 2) 2. Barney Cooney (elected 4) 3. Julia Gillard 4. Melanie Raymond | 1,100,799 | 39.8 | -5.2 | |
Democrats | 1. Lyn Allison (elected 6) 2. John McLaren 3. Laurie Levy 4. Marj White | 300,848 | 10.9 | +6.9 | |
Greens | 1. Peter Singer 2. Karen Alexander 3. Helen Lucas | 81,273 | 2.9 | +1.7 | |
Against Further Immigration | 1. Dennis McCormack 2. Robyn Spencer | 40,607 | 1.4 | +1.4 | |
Democratic Labour | 1. John Mulholland 2. Paul Cahill 3. Michael Rowe 4. Pat Crea 5. Matthew Cody 6. Christine Dodd | 36,156 | 1.3 | -0.1 | |
Shooters | 1. Colin Wood 2. Neville Sayers 3. Gary Fliegner | 19,573 | 0.7 | +0.7 | |
Call to Australia | 1. Ken Cook 2. Christine Chapman | 16,497 | 0.6 | -0.1 | |
Pensioner and CIR | 1. Will Borzatti 2. Neil McKay | 9,040 | 0.3 | -0.5 | |
Natural Law | 1. Stephen Griffith 2. Ngaire Mason | 6,681 | 0.2 | -0.2 | |
Independent | David Armstrong | 3,321 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Republican | 1. Paul Dahan 2. Des Bergen | 2,249 | 0.1 | -0.1 | |
Group J | 1. Joe Toscano 2. Steve Roper | 2,038 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Independent | Stephen Raskovy | 619 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Maurice Smith | 150 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Michael Good | 110 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | John Abbotto | 96 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Neil Green | 75 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Total formal votes | 2,767,485 | 96.4 | -0.5 | ||
Informal votes | 101,789 | 3.6 | +0.5 | ||
Turnout | 2,869,274 | 96.5 | -0.1 |
Queensland[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Ian Macdonald | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | John Hogg | Labor | |
1996 | 3 | Ron Boswell | National | |
1996 | 4 | John Herron | Liberal | |
1996 | 5 | Brenda Gibbs | Labor | |
1996 | 6 | Cheryl Kernot | Democrats | |
1993 | ||||
1993 | 1 | Margaret Reynolds | Labor | |
1993 | 2 | David MacGibbon | Liberal | |
1993 | 3 | Bill O'Chee | National | |
1993 | 4 | Mal Colston | Labor | |
1993 | 5 | John Herron | Liberal | |
1993 | 6 | John Woodley | Democrats |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 274,924 | ||||
Liberal | 1. Ian Macdonald (elected 1) 2. John Herron (elected 4) 3. Debbie Kember | 680,553 | 35.4 | +3.9 | |
Labor | 1. John Hogg (elected 2) 2. Brenda Gibbs (elected 5) 3. Bernadette Callaghan | 583,850 | 30.3 | -9.1 | |
National | 1. Ron Boswell (elected 3) 2. Teresa Cobb 3. Terry Cranwell | 288,199 | 15.0 | +0.5 | |
Democrats | 1. Cheryl Kernot (elected 6) 2. Tony Walters 3. Peter Collins 4. Annette Reed | 254,219 | 13.2 | +6.2 | |
Greens | 1. Angela Jones 2. Desiree Mahoney 3. Libby Connors | 46,285 | 2.4 | -0.8 | |
Against Further Immigration | 1. Cynthia Mayne 2. John Minogue | 13,117 | 0.7 | +0.7 | |
Women's Party | 1. Mary Kelly 2. Lizbeth Yuille 3. Jenny Hughey | 13,006 | 0.7 | +0.7 | |
Shooters | 1. Peter Salisbury 2. Bill Ison | 12,146 | 0.6 | +0.6 | |
Call to Australia | 1. Harry Cook 2. Nan Cook | 9,543 | 0.5 | -0.1 | |
Group G | 1. J Freemarijuana 2. Tony Kneipp | 3,836 | 0.2 | +0.2 | |
Natural Law | 1. Kris Ayyar 2. John Price | 3,656 | 0.2 | 0.0 | |
One Australia | 1. Perry Jewell 2. Michael Grayson | 3,638 | 0.2 | +0.2 | |
Group F | 1. Phillip Young 2. Harvie Ladlow | 2,793 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Indigenous Peoples | 1. Sam Watson 2. Netta Tyson | 2,772 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Republican | 1. Brian Buckley 2. David Bailey | 2,683 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Group H | 1. Ian McNiven 2. Ray Smyth 3. Robert Marks | 1,909 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Group M | 1. Maurice Hetherington 2. Ross Russell | 738 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Group E | 1. John Jones 2. Lee Jones | 613 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Michelle Mac Nevin | 594 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Ross McKay | 154 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | David Howse | 91 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Chris Leth | 67 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Total formal votes | 1,924,462 | 96.7 | -1.3 | ||
Informal votes | 64,979 | 3.3 | +1.3 | ||
Turnout | 1,989,441 | 95.1 | -0.7 |
Western Australia[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Winston Crane | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | Jim McKiernan | Labor | |
1996 | 3 | John Panizza | Liberal | |
1996 | 4 | Mark Bishop | Labor | |
1996 | 5 | Alan Eggleston | Liberal | |
1996 | 6 | Andrew Murray | Democrats | |
1993 | ||||
1993 | 1 | Sue Knowles | Liberal | |
1993 | 2 | Peter Cook | Labor | |
1993 | 3 | Ian Campbell | Liberal | |
1993 | 4 | Chris Evans | Labor | |
1993 | 5 | Chris Ellison | Liberal | |
1993 | 6 | Dee Margetts | Greens |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 143,472 | ||||
Liberal | 1. Winston Crane (elected 1) 2. John Panizza (elected 3) 3. Alan Eggleston (elected 5) 4. Michael Huston 5. Enzo Sirna 6. Clare Thompson | 460,379 | 45.8 | -2.6 | |
Labor | 1. Jim McKiernan elected 2) 2. Mark Bishop (elected 4) 3. Michael Beahan 4. Catherine Crawford | 341,580 | 34.1 | -4.1 | |
Democrats | 1. Andrew Murray (elected 6) 2. Don Millar 3. Shirley de la Hunty | 93,937 | 9.4 | +5.3 | |
Greens | 1. Christabel Chamarette 2. Robin Chapple | 57,006 | 5.7 | +0.1 | |
National | 1. Kevin McAnuff 2. Lynley Anderson | 20,877 | 2.0 | +0.3 | |
Against Further Immigration | 1. Richard Haye 2. Robert Hammond | 12,642 | 1.2 | +1.2 | |
Women's Party | 1. Mattie Turnbull 2. Kate Mudford | 11,169 | 1.1 | +1.1 | |
Call to Australia | 1. Don Jackson 2. Marj Laurie | 7,028 | 0.7 | -0.5 | |
Group C | 1. Tony Drake 2. Jean Robinson | 1,518 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Independent | Craig Bradshaw | 1,023 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Natural Law | Ros White | 414 | 0.0 | -0.3 | |
Independent | Vin Cooper | 376 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Independent | Craig Mackintosh | 346 | 0.0 | 0.0 | |
Total formal votes | 1,004,299 | 96.5 | -1.4 | ||
Informal votes | 36,369 | 3.5 | +1.4 | ||
Turnout | 1,040,668 | 95.6 | -0.3 |
South Australia[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Robert Hill | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | Rosemary Crowley | Labor | |
1996 | 3 | Natasha Stott Despoja | Democrats | |
1996 | 4 | Grant Chapman | Liberal | |
1996 | 5 | Chris Schacht | Labor | |
1996 | 6 | Jeannie Ferris | Liberal | |
1993 | ||||
1993 | 1 | Amanda Vanstone | Liberal | |
1993 | 2 | Nick Bolkus | Labor | |
1993 | 3 | Nick Minchin | Liberal | |
1993 | 4 | Dominic Foreman | Labor | |
1993 | 5 | Alan Ferguson | Liberal | |
1993 | 6 | Meg Lees | Democrats |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 133,397 | ||||
Liberal | 1. Robert Hill (elected 1) 2. Grant Chapman (elected 4) 3. Jeannie Ferris (elected 6) 4. Maria Kortesis | 428,053 | 45.8 | +0.1 | |
Labor | 1. Rosemary Crowley (elected 2) 2. Chris Schacht (elected 5) 3. Deirdre Tedmanson | 301,094 | 32.2 | -5.8 | |
Democrats | 1. Natasha Stott Despoja (elected 3) 2. Ian Gilfillan 3. Judy Smith 4. Desea Tsagatos | 135,730 | 14.5 | +4.7 | |
Greens | 1. Stephen Spence 2. Meryl McDougall | 19,441 | 2.0 | +0.4 | |
Against Further Immigration | 1. Bert Joy 2. Stephen Wikblom | 9,424 | 1.0 | +1.0 | |
Shooters | 1. Haydon Aldersey 2. Robert Low | 8,973 | 1.0 | +1.0 | |
Grey Power | 1. Emily Gilbey-Riley 2. Gratton Darbyshire | 8,228 | 0.9 | +0.9 | |
Call to Australia | 1. David Rodway 2. Brett Rodway | 6,817 | 0.7 | -0.4 | |
Group J | 1. Kenneth Nicholson 2. Colin Shearing | 6,286 | 0.7 | +0.7 | |
Women's Party | 1. Deborah McCulloch 2. Marg McHugh 3. Denise Tzumli | 5,678 | 0.6 | +0.6 | |
Independent EFF | 1. David Dwyer 2. Alfred Walker | 2,430 | 0.3 | +0.3 | |
Group F | 1. Michael Wohltmann 2. Jeanette Wohltmann | 1,081 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Independent | Geoffrey Wells | 561 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Total formal votes | 933,776 | 96.7 | -1.0 | ||
Informal votes | 31,552 | 3.3 | +1.0 | ||
Turnout | 965,328 | 96.4 | -0.9 |
Tasmania[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Jocelyn Newman | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | Sue Mackay | Labor | |
1996 | 3 | Paul Calvert | Liberal | |
1996 | 4 | Nick Sherry | Labor | |
1996 | 5 | John Watson | Liberal | |
1996 | 6 | Bob Brown | Greens | |
1993 | ||||
1993 | 1 | Kay Denman | Labor | |
1993 | 2 | Eric Abetz | Liberal | |
1993 | 3 | John Coates | Labor | |
1993 | 4 | Brian Gibson | Liberal | |
1993 | 5 | Brian Harradine | Independent | |
1993 | 6 | Shayne Murphy | Labor |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 44,139 | ||||
Liberal | 1. Jocelyn Newman (elected 1) 2. Paul Calvert (elected 3) 3. John Watson (elected 5) | 130,552 | 42.2 | +5.5 | |
Labor | 1. Sue Mackay (elected 2) 2. Nick Sherry (elected 4) 3. Charles Touber | 120,678 | 39.1 | -3.6 | |
Greens | 1. Bob Brown (elected 6) 2. Janet Dale | 26,830 | 8.9 | +2.0 | |
Democrats | 1. Robert Bell 2. Julia Onsman 3. Philip Tattersall | 22,006 | 7.1 | +5.5 | |
National | 1. Mary Jackson 2. Jeff Clayton | 3,554 | 1.2 | +1.2 | |
Women's Party | 1. Claire Andersen 2. Lin MacQueen | 1,881 | 0.6 | +0.6 | |
Natural Law | 1. Gregory Broszczyk 2. James James Harlow | 1,811 | 0.6 | +0.6 | |
Call to Australia | 1. Don Rogers 2. Beryl Rogers | 1,519 | 0.5 | +0.5 | |
Total formal votes | 308,970 | 96.8 | -0.6 | ||
Informal votes | 10,083 | 3.2 | +0.6 | ||
Turnout | 319,053 | 96.9 | +0.3 |
Australian Capital Territory[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Kate Lundy | Labor | |
1996 | 2 | Margaret Reid | Liberal |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 64,020 | ||||
Labor | 1. Kate Lundy (elected 1) 2. Peter Conway | 81,866 | 42.6 | -6.0 | |
Liberal | 1. Margaret Reid (elected 2) 2. Stephe Jitts | 74,949 | 39.0 | +4.0 | |
Democrats | 1. Peter Main 2. Brent Blackburn | 19,590 | 10.2 | +3.3 | |
Greens | 1. Deb Foskey 2. Jonathan Millar | 11,297 | 5.8 | -0.2 | |
Call to Australia | 1. John Miller 2. James Liaw | 2,901 | 1.5 | +1.5 | |
Independent | Fred Skerbic | 1,454 | 0.8 | +0.8 | |
Independent | Bill Monaghan | 597 | 0.3 | +0.3 | |
Independent | Joanne Clarke | 454 | 0.2 | +0.2 | |
Independent | David Seaton | 146 | 0.1 | +0.1 | |
Total formal votes | 192,057 | 97.5 | -0.9 | ||
Informal votes | 4,860 | 2.5 | +0.9 | ||
Turnout | 196,917 | 96.2 | -0.9 |
Northern Territory[edit]
Elected | # | Senator | Party | |
1996 | ||||
1996 | 1 | Grant Tambling | Liberal | |
1996 | 2 | Bob Collins | Labor |
Party | Candidate | Votes | % | ±% | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Quota | 28,569 | ||||
Country Liberal | 1. Grant Tambling (elected 1) 2. Kym Cook | 40,050 | 46.7 | +2.0 | |
Labor | 1. Bob Collins (elected 2) 2. Susan Bradley | 38,667 | 45.1 | -10.2 | |
Greens | 1. Margie Friel 2. Ilana Eldridge | 5,453 | 6.4 | +6.4 | |
Democrats | Geoff Carr | 1,535 | 1.8 | +1.8 | |
Total formal votes | 85,705 | 97.2 | 0.0 | ||
Informal votes | 2,422 | 2.8 | 0.0 | ||
Turnout | 88,127 | 89.2 | +0.2 |
See also[edit]
Notes[edit]
- ^ Includes votes for the federal Australian Greens (261,677) as well as Greens Western Australia (57,006) and the Tasmanian Greens (26,830), which had not yet aligned with the federal party.
- ^ The independent senator was Brian Harradine (Tasmania).
References[edit]
- ^ Newman, G; Kopras, A (4 November 1996). "Federal Elections 1996" (PDF). Background Paper 6 1996-97. Parliamentary Research Service. ISSN 1037-2938. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ "1996 Senate". Psephos Adam Carr's Election Archive. Retrieved 27 June 2022.
- ^ "Senators of the 38th Parliament".