HMS Gladiator (1896)

History
United Kingdom
Name	HMS Gladiator
Builder	Portsmouth Dockyard[1]
Laid down	January 1896[1]
Launched	18 December 1896[1]
Completed	April 1899[1]
Fate	Capsized after collision, 25 April 1908[1] Scrapped October 1908[2]
General characteristics
Class and type	Arrogant-class protected cruiser
Displacement	5,750 tons
Length	342 ft (104 m)
Beam	57 ft 6 in (17.53 m)
Propulsion	Triple expansion engines 18 × Belleville water-tube boilers 2 × screws 10,000 hp (7,457 kW)
Speed	19 knots (35 km/h; 22 mph)
Complement	480
Armament	4 × QF 6 inch /40 naval guns 6 × QF 4.7-inch (120 mm) guns Later replaced with 10 × BL 6 inch Mk VII naval guns 8 × 12 pounder guns 3 × QF 3 pounder guns 5 × machine guns 3 × 18 inch (450 mm) torpedo tubes
Armour	Deck : 3 in (76 mm)

HMS Gladiator was a second class protected cruiser of the Royal Navy, launched on 8 December 1896 at Portsmouth, England.^[3] She was of the Arrogant class rated at 5,750 long tons (5,840 t) displacement, with a crew of 250 officers and men. She had three distinctive stacks amidships with a conspicuous bridge well forward.

Gladiator was ordered to be commissioned at Portsmouth on 15 February 1900 to take out relief crews for the Australia Station.^[4]

She served with the Mediterranean Squadron under the command of Captain Frederick Owen Pike, when she visited Larnaka in June 1902,^[5] and Lemnos in August 1902.^[6] Captain T. B. S. Adair was appointed in command on 22 September 1902.^[7]

During a late snowstorm off the Isle of Wight on 25 April 1908, Gladiator was heading into port when she struck the outbound American steamer SS Saint Paul. Visibility was down to 800 yd (730 m), but the strong tides and gale force winds required both ships to maintain high speeds to maintain steerage.

Lookouts on each vessel saw the approaching danger off Hurst Point. The American ship attempted to pass to the port side, the standard procedure in such a situation. Lacking room for the manoeuvre, Captain William Lumsden choose to turn the opposite direction, ensuring a collision. Both ships attempted to slow but both were exceptionally heavy (Saint Paul was built for conversion in wartime to a cruiser). They hit at about 3 knots (5.6 km/h; 3.5 mph). Saint Paul struck Gladiator just aft of her engine room.

The glancing blow ripped open the sides of both ships. The British warship foundered at once, or beached off Black Rock Buoy, off the Isle of Wight, while the American was able to remain afloat and launch lifeboats. Several men were also saved by Royal Engineers from nearby Fort Victoria. A total of 28 sailors were lost,^[8][9] but only three bodies were recovered.^{[citation needed]}

Gladiator settled on her starboard side in shallow water close to Fort Victoria. Salvage work began almost at once, but it took over five months to right the ship, re-float it and tow it back to Portsmouth.^[10] The operation cost £64,000 and a further £500 to make the ship seaworthy, but as the ship's design was considered obsolete, she was scrapped rather than repaired. Gladiator was sold to a Dutch firm for only £15,000.^[2]

A court of inquiry reprimanded Captain Lumsden in July 1908, but held Saint Paul responsible for the collision. However, when the Admiralty sued the owners of the liner, a high court held Gladiator responsible.^[2]

A postcard of the capsized vessel was subsequently used by the artist Tacita Dean as the basis for her artwork So They Sunk Her, part of a portfolio of twenty black and white photogravures with etching collectively entitled The Russian Ending. The artwork ascribes the cause of the incident to a fictitious mutiny. A copy of the artwork is held by the Tate in London.^[11]

• Cantwell, Anthony (1993). Fort Victoria; A History. 1855-1969. Isle of Wight Countryside Service. ISBN 0-9521370-0-3.
• Colledge, J. J.; Warlow, Ben (2006) [1969]. Ships of the Royal Navy: The Complete Record of all Fighting Ships of the Royal Navy (Rev. ed.). London: Chatham Publishing. ISBN 978-1-86176-281-8.

Wikimedia Commons has media related to HMS Gladiator (ship, 1899).

• HMS Gladiator 2nd Class Cruiser
• Arrogant Class Cruiser - HMS Gladiator