Idazoxan

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Idazoxan
Clinical data
Routes of
administration		Oral
ATC code
  • none
Legal status
Legal status
  • In general: uncontrolled
Identifiers
  • (±)-2-(2,3-dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-yl)-4,5-dihydro-1H-imidazole
CAS Number
PubChem CID
ChemSpider
UNII
ChEMBL
CompTox Dashboard (EPA)
Chemical and physical data
FormulaC11H12N2O2
Molar mass204.229 g·mol−1
3D model (JSmol)
ChiralityRacemic mixture
  • C1CN=C(N1)C2COC3=CC=CC=C3O2
  • InChI=1S/C11H12N2O2/c1-2-4-9-8(3-1)14-7-10(15-9)11-12-5-6-13-11/h1-4,10H,5-7H2,(H,12,13) ☒N
  • Key:HPMRFMKYPGXPEP-UHFFFAOYSA-N ☒N
 ☒NcheckY (what is this?)  (verify)

Idazoxan (INN) is a drug which is used in scientific research. It acts as both a selective α2 adrenergic receptor antagonist, and an antagonist for the imidazoline receptor.[1][2][3][4] Idazoxan has been under investigation as an antidepressant, but it did not reach the market as such. More recently, it is under investigation as an adjunctive treatment in schizophrenia. Due to its α2 receptor antagonism it is capable of enhancing therapeutic effects of antipsychotics, possibly by enhancing dopamine neurotransmission in the prefrontal cortex of the brain, a brain area thought to be involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia.

Alzheimer's research

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Mice treated with idazoxan, which blocks the α2A receptor which regulates norepinephrine, behaved similarly to control animals despite still having amyloid-beta plaques in the brain, as a proof-of-concept experiment that dramatically reduced Alzheimer's pathology and symptoms in two mouse models, potentially offering an immediate treatment for this devastating disease.[5]

Synthesis

[edit]

Note that the literature method claims that the old original patented procedure gives a different reaction product formed through a rearrangement.

Synthesis:[6][7][8] Old Patent:[9] New Patent:[10]

The reaction of catechol (1) with 2-Chloroacrylonitrile [920-37-6] (2) gives 2-cyano-1,4-benzodioxan [1008-92-0] (3). Pinner reaction with alcoholic hydrogen chloride leads to the iminoether,[11] (4). Treatment with ethylenediamine [107-15-3] (5) gives the imidazoline ring affording Idazoxin (6).

See also

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References

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  1. ^ Bousquet P, Bruban V, Schann S, Greney H, Ehrhardt JD, Dontenwill M, Feldman J (June 1999). "Participation of imidazoline receptors and alpha(2-)-adrenoceptors in the central hypotensive effects of imidazoline-like drugs". Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences. 881 (1): 272–8. Bibcode:1999NYASA.881..272B. doi:10.1111/j.1749-6632.1999.tb09369.x. PMID 10415925. S2CID 38772290.
  2. ^ Clarke RW, Harris J (2002). "RX 821002 as a tool for physiological investigation of alpha(2)-adrenoceptors". CNS Drug Reviews. 8 (2): 177–92. doi:10.1111/j.1527-3458.2002.tb00222.x. PMC 6741674. PMID 12177687.
  3. ^ Yakubu MA, Hamilton CA, Howie CA, Reid JL (1988). "Idazoxan and brain alpha2-adrenoceptor in the rabbit". Brain Research. 436: 289–296. doi:10.1016/0006-8993(88)90402-7. PMID 2848612.
  4. ^ Hamilton CA, Yakubu MA, Jardine E, Reid JL (1991). "Imidazole binding sites in rabbit kidney and forebrain membranes". J Auton Pharmacol. 11 (4): 277–83. doi:10.1111/j.1474-8673.1991.tb00325.x. PMID 1939285.
  5. ^ Zhang F, Gannon M, Chen Y, Yan S, Zhang S, Feng W, et al. (January 2020). "β-amyloid redirects norepinephrine signaling to activate the pathogenic GSK3β/tau cascade". Science Translational Medicine. 12 (526). doi:10.1126/scitranslmed.aay6931. PMC 7891768. PMID 31941827.
  6. ^ Chapleo CB, Myers PL (January 1981). "2-[2-(1, 4-benzodioxanyl)]-2-imidazoline hydrochloride". Tetrahedron Letters. 22 (48): 4839–4842. doi:10.1016/S0040-4039(01)92358-5.
  7. ^ Chapleo CB, Davis JA, Myers PL, Readhead MJ, Stillings MR, Welbourn AP, Hampson FC, Sugden K (January 1984). "An investigation of some base induced transformations of the 1, 4‐benzodioxan ring system". Journal of Heterocyclic Chemistry. 21 (1): 77–80. doi:10.1002/jhet.5570210117.
  8. ^ Chapleo CB, Myers PL, Butler RC, Doxey JC, Roach AG, Smith CF (June 1983). "alpha-adrenoreceptor reagents. 1. Synthesis of some 1,4-benzodioxans as selective presynaptic alpha 2-adrenoreceptor antagonists and potential antidepressants". Journal of Medicinal Chemistry. 26 (6): 823–31. doi:10.1021/jm00360a008. PMID 6133953.
  9. ^ US 2979511, Krapcho J, Lott WA, "Certain 1, 4-benzodioxanyl imidazolines and corresponding pyrimidines and process", issued 11 April 1961, assigned to Olin Corp. 
  10. ^ US 7338970, Bougaret J, Avan JL, Segonds R, "Pharmaceutical composition based on idazoxan, salts, hydrates or polymorphs thereof", issued 3 March 2008, assigned to Pierre Fabre Medicament. 
  11. ^ "2,3-Dihydro-1,4-benzodioxin-2-carbimidic acid ethyl ester". PubChem. U.S. National Library of Medicine. CID:10035919.
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