Lone Star (1996 film)

Lone Star
Theatrical release poster
Directed by	John Sayles
Written by	John Sayles
Produced by	R. Paul Miller Maggie Renzi
Starring	Ron Canada Chris Cooper Clifton James Kris Kristofferson Frances McDormand Joe Morton Elizabeth Peña
Cinematography	Stuart Dryburgh
Edited by	John Sayles
Music by	Mason Daring
Production company	Castle Rock Entertainment Columbia Pictures Rio Dulce
Distributed by	Sony Pictures Classics
Release dates	March 14, 1996 (1996-03-14) (SXSW) June 21, 1996 (1996-06-21) (United States)
Running time	135 minutes
Country	United States
Language	English
Budget	$3–5 million[1][2]
Box office	$13 million[2]

Lone Star^[3] is a 1996 American neo-Western mystery film written, edited, and directed by John Sayles. Set in a small town in South Texas, the film deals with a sheriff's (played by Chris Cooper) investigation into the murder of one of his predecessors (Kris Kristofferson) decades earlier. The cast also stars Joe Morton, Elizabeth Peña, Clifton James, Ron Canada, Frances McDormand and Matthew McConaughey.

The film premiered at the 1996 South by Southwest Festival and received widespread critical acclaim, with critics regarding it as a high point of 1990s independent cinema as well as one of Sayles' best films. Sayles' screenplay was nominated for an Academy Award, BAFTA Award, and Golden Globe Award. The film was also nominated for four Independent Spirit Awards, with Elizabeth Peña winning Best Supporting Female.

Lone Star was recognized by the American Film Institute in AFI's 10 Top 10 list in 2008 as a nominated Western Film.^[4]

Two off-duty sergeants from the base discover a human skeleton on an old U.S. Army rifle shooting range along with a Masonic ring, a Rio County sheriff's badge, and, later, an expended .45 pistol bullet. Sam Deeds, sheriff of Frontera, Texas, begins an investigation. Texas Ranger Ben Wetzel agrees with Sam that forensics backs up the identity of the skeleton as Charlie Wade, the infamously corrupt and cruel sheriff who preceded Sam's father, Buddy. Wade mysteriously disappeared in 1957, along with US$10,000 (equivalent to $108,500 in 2023) in county funds. Buddy's high reputation and election as Sheriff resulted from his being widely believed to have confronted the despised Charlie Wade on his corruption and driven him from town.

Frontera, on the banks of the Rio Grande, is a border town with racial strife among the Tejano, African American, Native American, and white populations, where the white population is no longer the majority. Sam holds that office because he is the son of the recently deceased Buddy. As a teenager, Sam hated and rebelled against his tyrannical father, leaving town as soon as he was old enough. Since his return to the town two years prior, Sam has chafed under constant comparison to the inflated reputation of the beloved Buddy.

The town is enlarging and renaming the local courthouse in Buddy's honor and proposing the building of an unneeded new prison. Sam is skeptical about the use of his father's name by local business leaders, such as Mercedes Cruz and Buddy's former chief deputy, Mayor Hollis Pogue, to promote projects for personal profit using taxpayers' money. As a teenager, Sam had been in love with Mercedes's Tejano daughter, Pilar, but the intimate relationship was strongly opposed by both Buddy and Mercedes, who took steps to separate them.

After a chance meeting in the present, the divorced Sam and the widowed Pilar, now a local teacher, begin to rekindle their lingering passion, again with staunch opposition from Mercedes who Pilar believes objects to Sam because he is white.

Colonel Delmore Payne has returned to town as the commander of the local U.S. Army base. Son of Otis "Big O" Payne, a local nightclub owner and leader of the Black community, Delmore has been estranged from his father since childhood, when the serial womanizer abandoned Delmore and his mother. When a quarrel involving a soldier from the base results in a shooting at Otis's club—witnessed by the colonel's own resentful underage son who is surreptitiously at the club to scout out his grandfather—Delmore confronts Otis and threatens to make his establishment "off-limits." Otis counters that his establishment is the only place in town where Black soldiers are welcome.

Sam has always doubted the "official story" of Wade's disappearance. Despite being warned by Hollis and prominent local figures not to poke into events 30 years ago, Sam doggedly investigates the events leading up to Wade's murder. Wade terrorized the local Black and Mexican communities, extorting money from business owners and committing numerous murders^[a] by setting up his victims and shooting them for "resisting arrest". In front of a horrified Deputy Hollis Sheriff, Wade murdered Eladio Cruz, Mercedes's husband, who was running a migrant smuggling operation across the border without kickbacks to Wade.

Uncovering secrets about his father's nearly 30-year term as sheriff, Sam discovers Buddy's own corruption, kickbacks, and use of prison labor for personal building projects. Buddy forcibly evicted residents of a small community to make a lake, with Buddy and Hollis receiving lakefront property. Going through old boxes of Buddy's papers, Sam discovers love letters from Buddy's longtime mistress—Mercedes Cruz.

Sam confronts Hollis and Otis about Wade's murder. Upon discovering Otis's clandestine gambling operation at the nightclub, a furious Wade ordered Otis to hand over extortion money. Wade was about to use his "resisting arrest" setup to kill Otis. Buddy arrived just as Hollis shoots Wade to prevent Otis's murder. The three buried the body and took $10,000 from the county as an alibi for Wade's "abscondence". They gave the money to Mercedes—who was destitute after Wade killed Eladio—to buy her restaurant. Buddy and Mercedes later got involved. Sam decides to drop the issue, saying Wade's murder will remain unsolved. Hollis is concerned that people will assume Buddy killed Wade to take his job. Sam replies, "Buddy's a goddamn legend; he can handle it."

Showing Pilar an old photo of Buddy embracing Mercedes, Sam tells her Eladio died 18 months before she was born, revealing Buddy is Pilar's father. Both are appalled over the years of deception and repercussions, but since Pilar cannot have any more children, they decide to continue their romantic relationship, despite the knowledge that they are half-siblings.

The film deconstructs the concept of borders, both in the literal and figurative sense.^[5][6] The film takes place in a border town (its name Frontera is the Spanish word for "border"),^[7] along the U.S.-Mexico border. In Frontera, figurative barriers exist between different racial and cultural groups, specifically the Anglo, Black, and Tejano communities. The film goes on to subvert the idea of borders, as it depicts literal border crossings (such as Mercedes and Eladio immigrating to Texas from Mexico), as well as border crossings in a racial, generational, and cultural sense.^[7][6]

Through its cross-cultural and time-spanning narrative, the film explores how people from disparate ethnicities and cultures are intertwined, past and present. Nuances and differences within and among specific communities are shown. For instance, Otis is African-American but is also of Indigenous descent.^[7] Pilar believes she is fully Tejano, only to discover she is half-white. The Tejano community itself has Mexican, Chicano, Mexican American, Spanish, Hispano, American and/or Indigenous ancestry.^[8] Mercedes is herself an immigrant from Mexico, but over the years has chosen to distance herself from that heritage, choosing to identify as "Spanish" and looking down on other Mexican immigrants.^[7][9]

The moral border between "good people" and "bad people" is likewise complicated, as Sam learns the truth about his father and some of his unsavory dealings. Sam is intent on unraveling the inflated myths that surround Buddy as an upstanding sheriff.^[10] He ultimately discovers that the father he despises is neither as bad as he has always believed him to be, nor as good as his burdensome legend depicts.^[10] Intergenerational borders that divide Sam and Buddy, as well as Otis and Delmore Payne and Mercedes and Pilar Cruz, are eventually bridged as characters learn various truths about their parents and repair the fissures in strained relationships.^[11]

Other themes include historical revisionism, mythmaking, and how legends are used to obscure inconvenient truths. The question of who gets to interpret history and why is most evident in the competing stories about Buddy, as well as in the classroom scene in which parents and teachers argue over the appropriate version of Texas history to teach high school students. In historical accounts of the Battle of the Alamo, it is often the heroic feats of Anglo figures like Davy Crockett and Jim Bowie that are celebrated, while the contributions of Mexicans, African-Americans, and Native Americans are relegated to the margins.^[7] Sayles stated he wanted the film to address the concept of historical revisionism, saying "One of the things that 'Lone Star' is about, to me, is the way in which American culture has always, always been many cultures. [But] in many places, the dominant culture gets to write the history."^[12][10]

The dismantling of myth is encapsulated with the film's final lines, "Forget the Alamo." "Remember the Alamo" is a famous battle cry that honors Texans' loss to the Mexicans at the Battle of the Alamo. The "Forget" line deconstructs the mythmaking behind the Alamo story and the barriers that separate Pilar and Sam—the racial barrier, as well as the barrier of their blood relation.^[7] In an essay for The Criterion Channel, Domino Renee Perez writes, "The Alamo, both as a historical site and as a symbol, looms large in Texas mythmaking. But Sayles's film is more about revealing the dark secrets behind, rather than building up, a myth—the myth of Buddy Deeds. Pilar and Sam's resolve to forget represents a turn away from that legacy as they attempt to write their own futures, ones not beholden to any history."^[7]

Writers noted that the opening classroom scene of parents challenging teachers takes on a prescient meaning in regards to the contemporary political climate and controversy over critical race theory.^[7][13] In 2021, Texas passed a law that limits the manner and extent to which students learn about issues of race and racism in relation to American culture and history.^[14]

John Sayles decided to make a film about the Texas border after going there in 1978 to shoot a cameo for an earlier film he wrote, and then visiting the Alamo in San Antonio, and coming up with a script that "had elements of a Western, but it was more of a detective story. It was one of those rare instances where I wrote it and we got the money to make it right away."^[15]

Sayles cast newcomer Matthew McConaughey, whose biggest role prior to Lone Star was in Richard Linklater's Dazed and Confused, in a major role because "I needed a guy who didn't have any star weight but who had the presence to play off against Kristofferson."^[15]

Filming took place on-location throughout southwestern Texas and along the Rio Grande, mainly in the towns of Del Rio, Eagle Pass and Laredo.^[16]

Sayles did not want to film the flashback scenes with visible cuts to the present-day scenes, and instead utilized pans so the transitions occurred within a single camera shot.^[6][13][15] These allowed the transitions to "feel like it was just a flow like time or like [a] river".^[17] An example is the scene where a present-day Sam is seen in the same place in present day where he and Pilar have just strolled together discussing their past, and where Sam lingers to recollect a scene that took place on the same spot 23 years before between his 15-year old self and a 14-year old Pilar.^[17]

Mason Daring's soundtrack uses music from a variety of genres, including juke joint music, conjunto, and country music, to highlight the melting pot of cultures in Rio County.^[18]

Lone Star premiered at South by Southwest on March 14, 1996. It later screened in the Directors' Fortnight section at the Cannes Film Festival on May 10, 1996.^[19] It was released in North American theaters on June 21, 1996 and ultimately made $13 million at the box office^[2] on an estimated budget of $3–4.5 million.^[10]

On the review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, 91% of 140 critics' reviews are positive, with an average rating of 8.6/10. The website's consensus reads: "Smart and absorbing, Lone Star represents a career high point for writer-director John Sayles – and '90s independent cinema in general."^[20] On Metacritic, it has a score of 78 out of 100 based on reviews from 22 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".^[21]

Writing at the time of release, Janet Maslin of The New York Times said, "This long, spare, contemplatively paced film, scored with a wide range of musical styles and given a sun-baked clarity by Stuart Dryburgh's cinematography, is loaded with brief, meaningful encounters... And it features a great deal of fine, thoughtful acting, which can always be counted on in a film by Mr. Sayles".^[22] "All the film's characters are flesh and blood", Maslin added, pointing particularly to the portrayals by Kristofferson, Canada, James, Morton and Colón.^[22]

The Los Angeles Times's Kenneth Turan praised the film, writing its triumph is "how well it integrates Sayles' [social] concerns with the heightened tension and narrative drive the thriller form provides".^[23] Film critics Dennis West and Joan M. West of Cineaste praised the psychological aspects of the film, writing, "Lone Star strikingly depicts the personal psychological boundaries that confront many citizens of Frontera as a result of living in such close proximity to the border".^[24]

Roger Ebert awarded the film 4 out of 4 stars. His review read, "'Lone Star' is a great American movie, one of the few to seriously try to regard with open eyes the way we live now. Set in a town that until very recently was rigidly segregated, it shows how Chicanos, blacks, whites and Indians shared a common history, and how they knew one another and dealt with one another in ways that were off the official map. This film is a wonder -- the best work yet by one of our most original and independent filmmakers -- and after it is over, and you begin to think about it, its meanings begin to flower."^[25]

Ann Hornaday, then writing for the Austin American-Statesman, declared it "a work of awesome sweep and acute perception", judging it "the most accomplished film of [Sayles'] 17-year career".^[26] The Washington Post writer Hal Hinson characterized it as "a carefully crafted, unapologetically literary accomplishment."^[27]

In 2004, William Arnold of the Seattle Post-Intelligencer said that the film was "widely regarded as Sayles' masterpiece", declaring that it had "captured the zeitgeist of the '90s as successfully as "Chinatown" did the '70s".^[28]

In 2020, Hornaday compiled a list for The Washington Post titled "The 34 Best Political Movies Ever Made", in which she ranked Lone Star at number 10.^[29] Describing Lone Star as Sayles' masterwork, she wrote, "A simultaneously epic and finely drawn intergenerational and time-shifting murder mystery set on the Texas-Mexico border, 'Lone Star' interrogates history, narrative and tidal shifts in power through the lens of race and immigration, but never at the expense of their complexities. Timely when it first came out, today it feels more relevant than ever."^[29]

In 2024, Lone Star was rereleased in a brand new 4K restoration leading to further critical analysis of the film. Writing in The Guardian, Peter Bradshaw lavished the film with praise, calling it an "overlooked strand of indie movie-making and myth-making in 90s Hollywood, distinct from the brilliant ironies and shocks of Tarantino or the literary noir of the Coen brothers." He gave the film five stars saying "it is thoughtful and complex and grownup."^[30]

The film received an Academy Award nomination for Best Screenplay for John Sayles.^[31] The film also won the Belgian Grand Prix,^[32] and the awards for Best Director and Best Screenplay from the Society of Texas Film Critics Awards. The screenplay was nominated for a Writers Guild of America Award, a BAFTA Award,^[33] and a Golden Globe Award.^[34]

Elizabeth Peña won the Independent Spirit Award for Best Supporting Female^[35] and the BRAVO Award for Outstanding Actress in a Feature Film.^[36] The film was nominated for three Independent Spirit Awards: Best Male Lead (Chris Cooper), Best Film, and Best Screenplay.^[35]

The film is recognized by the American Film Institute in AFI's 10 Top 10 list in 2008 as a nominated Western Film.^[4]

In 2023, The Criterion Collection announced they were releasing a 4K digital restoration of Lone Star, supervised by Sayles and cinematographer Stuart Dryburgh.^[37] The restoration was released on Blu-ray disc on January 16, 2024. The edition includes a new interview with Dryburgh and a conversation between Sayles and filmmaker Gregory Nava.^[11]

Wikiquote has quotations related to Lone Star (1996 film).

• Lone Star at IMDb
• Lone Star at AllMovie
• Lone Star at the AFI Catalog of Feature Films
• Lone Star at the TCM Movie Database
• Lone Star at Box Office Mojo
• Lone Star essay at Bad Subjects magazine by Tomás Sandoval, discusses the historical aspects of film (archived)
• Lone Star film review on YouTube by Siskel & Ebert
• Lone Star film trailer on YouTube