1995 in film
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This is a list of films released in 1995. The highly anticipated sequel Die Hard with a Vengeance was the year's biggest box-office hit, and Braveheart won the Academy Award for Best Picture.
Highest-grossing films
[edit]The top 10 films released in 1995 by worldwide gross are as follows:[1]
| Rank | Title | Distributor | Worldwide gross |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Die Hard with a Vengeance | 20th Century Fox | $366,101,666 |
| 2 | Toy Story | Buena Vista | $363,007,140[nb 1] |
| 3 | Apollo 13 | Universal | $355,237,933 |
| 4 | GoldenEye | MGM | $352,194,034 |
| 5 | Pocahontas | Buena Vista | $346,079,773 |
| 6 | Batman Forever | Warner Bros. | $336,529,144 |
| 7 | Seven | New Line | $327,311,859 |
| 8 | Casper | Universal | $287,928,194 |
| 9 | Waterworld | $264,218,220 | |
| 10 | Jumanji | Sony Pictures | $262,797,249 |
- ^ Excluding the gross from subsequent re-releases.
Box office records
[edit]- The Batman franchise became the fifth film franchise to gross $1 billion with the release of Batman Forever.[2]
- Batman Forever is released in theaters and surpasses Jurassic Park for scoring the highest-opening weekend of all time, generating a total of $52.8 million.[3]
Film records
[edit]- Dilwale Dulhania Le Jayenge has been running in theaters for 27 years, becoming the longest running film in theaters [4][5]
Context
[edit]The theatrical box office of 1994 achieved record grosses, with nine films earning more than $100 million and the highest attendance (1.29 billion) since 1960 (1.3 billion). By 1995, however, the average cost of making and marketing a film had doubled since 1990, reaching $50.4 million, making turning a profit more difficult.[6][7] The rising salary cost of actors was a contributing factor; studios vied to secure popular actors such as Harrison Ford, Jim Carrey, Tom Cruise, and Arnold Schwarzenegger who could generally guarantee a minimum level of box-office success and held broad appeal outside of the United States and Canada.[7] If notable stars were unavailable, studios were forced to pay exorbitant salaries for less-well-known stars and pay other cast lower salaries to offset costs.[7] In 1995, theatrical box-office revenue was falling; the first quarter was about $90 million lower than the same period in 1994. Markets outside of the U.S. and Canada were growing, accounting for 41% of a film's total revenue—including theatrical and home media profits—and outperformed the U.S. and Canadian box offices for the first time in 1994. Anticipated films such as Batman Forever, Crimson Tide, and Pocahontas were scheduled for release alongside Waterworld, the most-expensive film of its time.[8][6]
Events
[edit]- March 13 – The Dogme 95 movement is officially announced in Paris by Danish directors Lars von Trier and Thomas Vinterberg.
- April 10 – Matsushita Electric Industrial Co. sells 80% of MCA Inc., owner of Universal Pictures, to Seagram Company for $7 billion.[9][10]
- May 12 – Crimson Tide is released, kicking off the Summer box office season with critical and commercial success.
- May 19 – Die Hard with a Vengeance is released in theaters and becomes the year's highest-grossing film (Toy Story overtook it in re-releases in 2014).
- May 24 – Braveheart is released to critical and commercial success. Directed by and starring Mel Gibson, it will go on to win 5 Academy Awards, including Best Picture and Best Director.
- May 27 – Actor Christopher Reeve injures his spinal cord after falling off his horse in an equestrian competition. The injury paralyzed him from the shoulders down, and he depended on a ventilator to breathe.
- June 10 – Pocahontas has the largest premiere ever for a film, premiering in Central Park, New York City, with an audience of 100,000 and free admission. The film received mixed reviews but was a commercial success at the worldwide box office.
- June 16 – Batman Forever is released in theaters and scores the highest-opening weekend of all time, generating a total of $52.8 million.[3]
- November – Carolco Pictures files for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection.
- November 17 – After a six-year hiatus, the James Bond film series resumes with the successful GoldenEye with Pierce Brosnan as James Bond.
- November 22 – Toy Story is released, marking the first feature-length film created completely using computer-generated imagery. Toy Story was both a commercial and critical success, and is considered by film historians as a significant turning point in film history.
- unknown date – Trash Video, a Finnish independent film production company is established.[11]
Awards
[edit]1995 films
[edit]By country/region
[edit]- List of American films of 1995
- List of Argentine films of 1995
- List of Australian films of 1995
- List of Bangladeshi films of 1995
- List of British films of 1995
- List of Canadian films of 1995
- List of French films of 1995
- List of Hong Kong films of 1995
- List of Indian films of 1995
- List of Japanese films of 1995
- List of Mexican films of 1995
- List of Pakistani films of 1995
- List of Russian films of 1995
- List of South Korean films of 1995
- List of Spanish films of 1995
By genre/medium
[edit]- List of action films of 1995
- List of animated feature films of 1995
- List of avant-garde films of 1995
- List of crime films of 1995
- List of comedy films of 1995
- List of drama films of 1995
- List of horror films of 1995
- List of science fiction films of 1995
- List of thriller films of 1995
- List of western films of 1995
Births
[edit]- January 5 – Whindersson Nunes, Brazilian YouTuber and actor
- January 7
- Jessica Darrow, American actress and singer
- Leslie Grace, American singer, songwriter and actress
- January 9 – Nicola Peltz, American actress
- January 13
- Natalia Dyer, American actress
- Eros Vlahos, English-Greek actor and comedian
- January 17 – Indya Moore, American actor
- January 24
- Dylan Everett, Canadian actor
- Callan McAuliffe, Australian actor
- January 30 – Danielle Campbell, American actress
- February 2 – Tom Blyth, English actor
- February 7 – Tom Glynn-Carney, English actor and singer
- February 10 – Archie Madekwe, English actor
- February 28 – Madisen Beaty, American actress
- March 4 – Bill Milner, English actor
- March 7 – Haley Lu Richardson, American actress
- March 20 – Samantha Weinstein, Canadian actress (died 2023)
- March 21 – RJ Cyler, American actor
- March 22 – Nick Robinson, American actor
- March 23 – Victoria Pedretti, American actress
- March 30 – Simone Ashley, English actress
- April 1 – Logan Paul, American pro wrestler, actor, and YouTuber
- April 17 – Phoebe Dynevor, English actress
- April 18 – Virginia Gardner, American actress
- April 19 – Patrick Gibson, Irish actor
- April 24 – Ludmilla, Brazilian singer-songwriter and actress
- May 3
- Katie Chang, American actress
- Emma Seligman, Canadian film director and screenwriter
- May 4
- Alex Lawther, English actor
- Shameik Moore, American actor, singer and rapper
- May 12 – Sawyer Sweeten, American child actor (died 2015)
- May 13 – Taylor John Smith, American actor
- May 28 – Jacob Kogan, American actor
- June 5 – Troye Sivan, South African-born Australian singer-songwriter, actor and YouTuber
- June 6 – Jack Kilmer, American actor
- June 8 – Harumi Sato, Japanese actress and dancer
- June 19 – Blake Woodruff, American actor
- June 20 – Geraldine Viswanathan, Australian actress
- June 22 – Micheál Richardson, Irish-American actor
- July 4 – Post Malone, American rapper
- July 9 – Georgie Henley, English actress
- July 11 – Blu Hunt, American actress
- July 12 – Mason Alexander Park, American actor
- August 4 – Bruna Marquezine, Brazilian actress
- August 6 – Amy Forsyth, Canadian actress
- August 7 – Sasha Calle, American actress
- August 9 – Justice Smith, American actor
- August 20 – Liana Liberato, American actress
- August 22 – Dua Lipa, English singer and actress
- August 26 – Gracie Dzienny, American actress
- September 12 – Ryan Potter, American actor
- September 19 – Rachel Sennott, American actress
- September 22 – Juliette Goglia, American actress
- September 29 – Sasha Lane, American actress
- October 3 – Ayo Edebiri, American comedian, writer, producer and actress
- October 24 – Ashton Sanders, American actor and model
- November 2 – Brandon Soo Hoo, American actor and martial artist
- November 3 – Alice Wegmann, Brazilian actress
- November 6 – John Owen Lowe, American writer, producer and actor
- November 7 – Sophia Ali, American actress
- November 9 – Finn Cole, English actor
- November 15 - Amy James-Kelly, British Actress
- November 17 – Zach Barack, American actor, singer and comedian
- November 22 – Katherine McNamara, American actress
- November 23 – Austin Majors, American actor (died 2023)
- November 27
- Ricardo Hoyos, Canadian actor
- Jamila Velazquez, American singer and actress
- November 29
- Liv Hewson, Australian actor
- Laura Marano, American actress, singer
- December 5 - Hadley Robinson, American actress
- December 13 – Emma Corrin, British actor
- December 25 - Charlee Fraser, Australian actress
- December 27
- Laurence Belcher, English actor
- Timothée Chalamet, American and French actor
- December 29 – Ross Lynch, American actor, singer, dancer
Deaths
[edit]| Month | Date | Name | Age | Country | Profession | Notable films |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| January | 2 | Nancy Kelly | 73 | US | Actress | |
| 2 | Frances E. Williams | 89 | US | Actress | ||
| 4 | Dorothy Granger | 82 | US | Actress | ||
| 7 | Ted Tetzlaff | 91 | US | Cinematographer | ||
| 9 | Peter Cook | 57 | UK | Actor | ||
| 10 | Roy Ashton | 85 | Australia | Makeup Artist | ||
| 11 | Onat Kutlar | 58 | Turkey | Producer, Screenwriter | ||
| 12 | Kay Aldridge | 77 | US | Actress | ||
| 24 | Edward Colman | 89 | US | Cinematographer | ||
| 25 | John Smith | 63 | US | Actor | ||
| 25 | William Sylvester | 72 | US | Actor | ||
| 26 | Gordon Oliver | 84 | US | Actor | ||
| 26 | Pat Welsh | 79 | US | Actress | ||
| 27 | Robert Totten | 57 | US | Director | ||
| 31 | George Abbott | 107 | US | Director | ||
| February | 2 | Phillip Borsos | 41 | Australia | Director | |
| 2 | Donald Pleasence | 75 | UK | Actor | ||
| 2 | Willard Waterman | 80 | US | Actor | ||
| 4 | Abel Santa Cruz | 79 | Argentina | Screenwriter | ||
| 5 | Doug McClure | 59 | US | Actor | ||
| 8 | Rachel Thomas | 89 | UK | Actress | ||
| 9 | David Wayne | 81 | US | Actor | ||
| 14 | Michael V. Gazzo | 71 | US | Actor | ||
| 16 | Lois Wilde | 87 | US | Actress | ||
| 19 | John Howard | 81 | US | Actor | ||
| 21 | Robert Bolt | 79 | UK | Screenwriter, Director | ||
| 21 | Calder Willingham | 72 | US | Screenwriter | ||
| 22 | Ed Flanders | 60 | US | Actor | ||
| 22 | Nicholas Pennell | 56 | UK | Actor | ||
| 23 | John Paul | 73 | UK | Actor | ||
| 24 | John J. Carney | 54 | UK | Actor | ||
| 26 | Jack Clayton | 73 | UK | Director | ||
| 27 | Ann Ayars | 76 | US | Singer, Actress | ||
| March | 1 | Herb Meadow | 83 | US | Screenwriter | |
| 3 | Al Christy | 76 | US | Actor | ||
| 3 | Douglas Stewart | 75 | US | Film Editor | ||
| 5 | Nancy O'Neil | 83 | Australia | Actress | ||
| 10 | Irene Tedrow | 87 | US | Actress | ||
| 12 | Juanin Clay | 45 | US | Actress | ||
| 15 | Albert Hackett | 95 | US | Screenwriter | ||
| 17 | Rick Aviles | 42 | US | Actor | ||
| 20 | Big John Studd | 47 | US | Actor | ||
| 21 | Robert Urquhart | 73 | UK | Actor | ||
| 27 | Paul Brinegar | 77 | US | Actor | ||
| April | 4 | Priscilla Lane | 79 | US | Actress, Singer | |
| 12 | Philip H. Lathrop | 82 | US | Cinematographer | ||
| 14 | Burl Ives | 85 | US | Actor, Singer | ||
| 16 | Cy Endfield | 80 | US | Director, Screenwriter | ||
| 16 | Arthur English | 75 | UK | Actor | ||
| 16 | Alfred Ryder | 79 | US | Actor | ||
| 21 | Tessie O'Shea | 82 | UK | Actress | ||
| 25 | Art Fleming | 70 | US | Actor | ||
| 25 | Alexander Knox | 88 | Canada | Actor, Screenwriter, Director | ||
| 25 | Ginger Rogers | 83 | US | Actress, Dancer | ||
| 27 | Katherine DeMille | 83 | Canada | Actress | ||
| 30 | Christopher Chadman | 47 | US | Actor | ||
| 30 | Michael Graham Cox | 57 | UK | Actor | ||
| May | 2 | Don Brockett | 65 | US | Actor | |
| 2 | Michael Hordern | 83 | UK | Actor | ||
| 11 | John Philips | 80 | UK | Actor | ||
| 12 | Arthur Lubin | 96 | US | Director | ||
| 13 | Alan Maley | 64 | UK | Visual Effects Artist, Matte Painter | ||
| 18 | Elisha Cook Jr. | 91 | US | Actor | ||
| 18 | Alexander Godunov | 45 | Russia | Actor, Dancer | ||
| 18 | Elizabeth Montgomery | 62 | US | Actress | ||
| 22 | Robert Flemyng | 83 | UK | Actor | ||
| 25 | Alice Day | 89 | US | Actress | ||
| 25 | Dany Robin | 68 | France | Actress | ||
| 26 | Tony Azito | 46 | US | Actor | ||
| 26 | Friz Freleng | 89 | US | Animator, Director, Producer | ||
| 27 | Severn Darden | 65 | US | Actor | ||
| 28 | Daniela Rocca | 57 | Italy | Actress | ||
| June | 3 | Dilys Powell | 93 | UK | Film Critic | None; critiqued films for The Sunday Times |
| 5 | Patricia Dane | 75 | US | Actress | ||
| 6 | Savely Kramarov | 60 | Russia | Actor | ||
| 10 | Bruno Lawrence | 54 | UK | Actor | ||
| 15 | Charles Bennett | 95 | UK | Screenwriter | ||
| 17 | Clarence Greene | 81 | US | Screenwriter | ||
| 18 | Arthur Howard | 85 | UK | Actor | ||
| 20 | Julian Blaustein | 82 | US | Producer | ||
| 27 | Yoni Chen | 41 | Israel | Actor | ||
| 29 | Roy Rowland | 84 | US | Director | ||
| 29 | Lana Turner | 74 | US | Actress | ||
| 30 | Gale Gordon | 89 | US | Actor | ||
| July | 1 | Wolfman Jack | 57 | US | Actor | |
| 2 | John C. Higgins | 87 | Canada | Screenwriter | ||
| 4 | Eva Gabor | 76 | Hungary | Actress | ||
| 12 | Gordon Flemyng | 61 | UK | Director | ||
| 17 | Harry Guardino | 69 | US | Actor | ||
| 27 | Miklós Rózsa | 88 | Hungary | Composer | ||
| 31 | Genevieve Tobin | 95 | US | Actress | ||
| August | 1 | Phyllis Brooks | 80 | US | Actress | |
| 1 | Esther Muir | 92 | US | Actress | ||
| 2 | Al Adamson | 66 | US | Director | ||
| 3 | Ida Lupino | 77 | UK | Actress, Director | ||
| 7 | David Begelman | 73 | US | Studio Executive | ||
| 8 | Carol Hughes | 85 | US | Actress | ||
| 9 | Peter Carew | 72 | US | Actor | ||
| 10 | Donald Bisset | 84 | UK | Actor | ||
| 11 | Phil Harris | 91 | US | Actor | ||
| 11 | Howard Koch | 93 | US | Screenwriter | ||
| 16 | Walter Cartier | 71 | US | Actor | ||
| 17 | Helen Christie | 80 | UK | Actress | ||
| 18 | James Maxwell | 66 | US | Actor | ||
| 21 | Nanni Loy | 69 | Italy | Director, Screenwriter | ||
| 24 | Gary Crosby | 62 | US | Actor | ||
| 27 | Mary Beth Hughes | 75 | US | Actress | ||
| 29 | Frank Perry | 65 | US | Producer, Director | ||
| 31 | Mildred Coles | 75 | US | Actress | ||
| 31 | David Farrar | 87 | UK | Actor | ||
| September | 1 | Benay Venuta | 84 | US | Actress | |
| 5 | John Megna | 42 | US | Actor | ||
| 6 | Ralph Rosenblum | 69 | US | Film Editor | ||
| 9 | Ron Talsky | 60 | US | Costume Designer | ||
| 9 | Keith Wayne | 50 | US | Actor | ||
| 10 | Derek Meddings | 64 | UK | Visual Effects Artist | ||
| 12 | Jeremy Brett | 61 | UK | Actor | ||
| 12 | Tom Helmore | 91 | UK | Actor | ||
| 17 | Grady Sutton | 89 | US | Actor | ||
| 29 | Susan Fleetwood | 51 | UK | Actress | ||
| October | 5 | Linda Gary | 50 | US | Voice Actress | |
| 6 | Anthony Newlands | 69 | UK | Actor | ||
| 9 | Armin Ganz | 47 | US | Production Designer | ||
| 12 | Gary Bond | 55 | UK | Actor | ||
| 15 | Claudio Brook | 68 | Mexico | Actor | ||
| 20 | Christopher Stone | 53 | US | Actor | ||
| 21 | Maxene Andrews | 79 | US | Singer, Actress | ||
| 21 | Jack Rose | 83 | Poland | Screenwriter | ||
| 22 | Mary Wickes | 85 | US | Actress | ||
| 25 | David Healy | 66 | US | Actor | ||
| 25 | Viveca Lindfors | 74 | Sweden | Actress | ||
| 29 | Jean Heather | 79 | US | Actress | ||
| 29 | Terry Southern | 71 | US | Screenwriter | ||
| 30 | Brian Easdale | 86 | UK | Composer | ||
| 30 | Paul Ferris | 54 | UK | Composer | ||
| 31 | Rosalind Cash | 56 | US | Actress | ||
| November | 3 | John Orchard | 66 | UK | Actor | |
| 4 | Paul Eddington | 68 | UK | Actor | ||
| 4 | Eddie Egan | 65 | US | Actor | ||
| 6 | Aneta Corsaut | 62 | US | Actress | ||
| 7 | John Patrick | 90 | US | Screenwriter | ||
| 9 | Robert O. Cook | 92 | US | Sound Engineer | ||
| 10 | Arthur Loew Jr. | 69 | US | Producer | ||
| 12 | Robert Stephens | 64 | UK | Actor | ||
| 13 | Ralph Blane | 81 | US | Composer, Lyricist | ||
| 21 | Dorothy Jeakins | 81 | US | Costume Designer | ||
| 22 | Ronald Kinnoch | 85 | UK | Producer, Screenwriter | ||
| 23 | Louis Malle | 63 | France | Director | ||
| 24 | Jeffrey Lynn | 86 | US | Actor | ||
| December | 3 | Jimmy Jewel | 85 | UK | Actor | |
| 4 | Robert Parrish | 79 | US | Director, Actor | ||
| 7 | Harry Cordwell | 73 | UK | Set Decorator | ||
| 7 | Kathleen Harrison | 103 | UK | Actress | ||
| 8 | George J. Lewis | 91 | US | Actor | ||
| 9 | Vivian Blaine | 74 | US | Actress, Singer | ||
| 10 | Paul Lohmann | 69 | US | Cinematographer | ||
| 11 | Arthur Mullard | 85 | UK | Actor | ||
| 17 | Lexie Bigham | 27 | US | Actor | ||
| 19 | Jack Hively | 85 | US | Director, Film Editor | ||
| 20 | Madge Sinclair | 57 | Jamaica | Actor | ||
| 22 | Butterfly McQueen | 84 | US | Actress | ||
| 23 | Patric Knowles | 84 | UK | Actor | ||
| 25 | Dean Martin | 78 | US | Singer, Actor | ||
| 26 | Geoffrey Drake | 83-84 | ?? | Production Designer | ||
| 30 | Doris Grau | 71 | US | Actress, Voice Actress | ||
| 30 | Richard Hornung | 45 | US | Costume Designer |
Film debuts
[edit]- Jon Abrahams – Kids
- Casey Affleck – To Die For
- Adewale Akinnuoye-Agbaje – Congo
- Michael Bay (director) – Bad Boys
- Drake Bell – Drifting School
- Camilla Belle – A Little Princess
- Connie Britton – The Brothers McMullen
- Edward Burns – The Brothers McMullen
- Scott Caan – A Boy Called Hate
- Emmanuelle Chriqui – The Donor
- Hayden Christensen – In the Mouth of Madness
- Rachael Leigh Cook – The Baby-Sitters Club
- Jennifer Coolidge – Love and Happiness
- David Cross – Destiny Turns on the Radio
- Randy Davison – Not This Part of the World
- Rosario Dawson – Kids
- Peter Dinklage – Living in Oblivion
- Colman Domingo – Timepiece
- Jeffrey Donovan – Throwing Down
- Minnie Driver – Circle of Friends
- Michael Clarke Duncan – Friday
- Peter Facinelli – Angela
- Colin Farrell – Frankie Starlight
- Will Ferrell – Criminal Hearts
- Leo Fitzpatrick – Kids
- Tommy Flanagan – Braveheart
- Shawn Hatosy – Home for the Holidays
- Natasha Henstridge – Species
- Aldis Hodge – Die Hard with a Vengeance
- Hassan Johnson – Clockers
- Tamala Jones – How to Make an American Quilt
- Keira Knightley – Innocent Lies
- Johnny Knoxville – Desert Blues
- David Koechner – It's Now... or NEVER!
- Jared Leto – How to Make an American Quilt
- Ken Leung – Pictures of Baby Jane Doe
- Chad Lindberg – Born to be Wild
- Norm Macdonald – Billy Madison
- Heather Matarazzo – Welcome to the Dollhouse
- James McAvoy – The Near Room
- Debra Messing – A Walk in the Clouds
- Ivana Miličević – Children of the Corn III: Urban Harvest
- Jay Mohr – For Better or Worse
- Nicole Ari Parker – The Incredibly True Adventure of Two Girls in Love
- Paula Jai Parker – Friday
- Amanda Peet – Animal Room
- Mekhi Phifer – Clockers
- Ryan Phillippe – Crimson Tide
- Franka Potente – After Five in the Forest Primeval
- James Purefoy – Feast of July
- Jeremy Renner – National Lampoon's Senior Trip
- Giovanni Ribisi – Mind Ripper
- Paul Rudd – Clueless
- Peter Sarsgaard – Dead Man Walking
- Steve Schirripa – Casino
- Élie Semoun – The Three Brothers
- Chloë Sevigny – Kids
- Brendan Sexton III – Welcome to the Dollhouse
- Michael Sheen – Othello
- Ethan Suplee – Mallrats
- Saïd Taghmaoui – La Haine
- Charlize Theron – Children of the Corn III: Urban Harvest
- James Van Der Beek – Angus
- Dominic West – Richard III
References
[edit]- ^ "1995 Worldwide Box Office". Box Office Mojo. IMDb. Retrieved March 7, 2020.
- ^ "Box Office History for Batman Movies". The Numbers.
- ^ a b "'Batman' Takes a Bite Out of 'Jurassic' Record: Movies: Third Bat film soars to an estimated opening weekend gross of $53 million. 'Pocahontas' makes a staggering $2.7 million in just six--albeit large--theaters". Los Angeles Times. June 19, 1995.
- ^ "DDLJ is the longest running film".
- ^ "The movie that has been playing for 27 years".
- ^ a b Eller, Claudia (March 8, 1995). "Average Cost Of Making, Marketing Movie Soars : Hollywood: Figure Hit $50.4 Million, 'A Beast Of A Number,' Says MPAA President Jack Valenti". Los Angeles Times. Archived from the original on March 21, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ a b c Weinraub, Bernard (September 18, 1995). "Skyrocketing Star Salaries". New York Times. Archived from the original on November 18, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ Weinraub, Bernard (July 31, 1995). "Waterworld Disappointment As Box Office Receipts Lag". New York Times. Archived from the original on March 29, 2022. Retrieved September 13, 2022.
- ^ "Seagram heads for Hollywood; Seagram will buy 80% of big studio from Matsushita". The New York Times. April 7, 1995. Retrieved April 14, 2013.
- ^ Robinson, Gwen; Weiner, Rex (April 17, 1995). "Pioneer pulls back". Variety. p. 4.
- ^ Kuusniemi, Matti. "From Trash to S(h)itcoms and Beyond" (PDF). Nordicom Information. 39 (2): 82–88. Retrieved 2020-12-31.
